General dental practitioners' approach to caries prevention in high-caries-risk children.

AIMS: To evaluate the advice and preventive care provided by General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) to high-caries-risk children in Jordan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using an open-ended questionnaire. GDPs were presented with a high-caries-risk child scenario and asked regarding: (1) oral hygiene and dietary advice they would give; (2) preventive-care they would offer; (3) barriers they face in prevention delivery. Answers were compared to an evidence-based guideline. Data were input into SPSS-20 and analysed using descriptive statistics and frequencies. Chi-square test was used to compare results by age, gender, practice location and type. RESULTS: One-hundred and sixty GDPs were approached and 128 agreed to participate (80%), of whom 87 (69%) were female. The average age was 31 years [range 22-50]. Sixty-nine percent practiced in the capital, Amman. Sixty-five percent gave advice on tooth-brushing frequency, but only 23% suggested brushing at bed-time and 24% recommended parental supervision. None provided advice on toothpaste fluoride content. Seventy-one percent advised reducing sugary-food amounts, but only 21% focused on frequency and 2% suggested using diet diaries. Most knew about fissure-sealants (77%) and fluoride-varnish (80%). Forty-two percent reported barriers to delivering preventive-care, including parental attitudes (36%), child cooperation (30%), financial reward (19%), and training (6%). Participants practicing outside of the capital were less likely to use fluoride-varnish [P = 0.002] and more likely to report barriers [P = 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Advice delivered by GDPs to high-caries-risk children in Jordan does not meet the standards of an evidence-based guideline. Future initiatives for oral-health-promotion should aim to address the barriers reported, especially outside the capital.

Dental RECUR Randomized Trial to Prevent Caries Recurrence in Children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a dental nurse-delivered intervention-the Dental RECUR Brief Negotiated Interview for Oral Health (DR-BNI)-in reducing the recurrence of dental caries in children who have a primary tooth extracted. It was based on a 2-arm multicenter randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment. Participants were 5- to 7-y-old children (n = 241) scheduled to have primary teeth extracted in 12 UK centers. Test intervention parents (n = 119) received DR-BNI led by trained dental nurses. DR-BNI is a 30-min structured conversation informed by motivational interviewing with a forward focus to prevent future caries. Preventive goals are agreed, and a review appointment is made with child's general dental practitioner, who is advised to treat the child as being at high caries risk. The control intervention (n = 122) was a parent-nurse conversation about child's future tooth eruption, with advice given to visit a general dental practitioner as usual. At baseline, the DR-BNI group's mean dmft was 6.8, and the control group's was 6.3. A median of 5 teeth were extracted, mainly under general anesthesia. Final dental assessments were conducted by a single examiner visiting 189 schools 2 y after intervention; 193 (80%) of 241 children were examined. In the control group, 62% developed new caries in teeth that were caries-free or unerupted at baseline, as compared with 44% in the test group, a significant reduction (P = 0.021). The odds of new caries experience occurring were reduced by 51% in the DR-BNI group as compared with control. There was a 29% decrease in the relative risk of new caries experience in the DR-BNI group as compared with control. This single low-cost, low-intensity intervention was successful in significantly reducing the risk of recurrence of dental caries in children. This trial has implications for changing pediatric dental practice internationally. Training in and implementation of a motivational interviewing-informed brief intervention provides opportunities for dental nurses to facilitate behavior change improving the oral health of children at high caries risk (ISRCTN 24958829).

Do expectant mothers know how early childhood caries can be prevented? A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To evaluate the awareness, knowledge, and beliefs about early childhood caries (ECC) among a sample of expectant mothers and to determine their preferences to help design appropriate interventions. METHODS: Expectant mothers attending for antenatal care at a large public hospital were interviewed and asked to complete a questionnaire about ECC. The questionnaire was pre-tested and validated and contained questions about risk factors, presentations, management, and complications of ECC. Participants were also asked about their preferred method for oral health education about ECC. Data were analysed using SPSS for Windows release and descriptive statistics were generated. RESULTS: Four-hundred expectant mothers were approached and 380 (95%) agreed to participate. 59% reported brushing twice or more daily, but only 10% attended the dentist regularly. Only 16% thought that tooth brushing should start as soon as primary teeth erupt. Most (68%) thought that bottle feeding does not need to stop before the age of two. The majority believed that sugar is better consumed between meals (81%) and in portions throughout the day (85%). Only 12% thought that a child should have their first dental visit by the age of one. Educational level influenced knowledge on several aspects of ECC prevention. The participants suggested leaflets (38%) and social media (24%) as methods for oral-health-education delivery. CONCLUSION: Expectant mothers lack adequate knowledge about ECC prevention. There is a need for interventions that deliver advice on child toothbrushing, dietary practices, and dental attendance as part of wider general-health promotion.

Lessons learned on recruitment and retention in hard-to-reach families in a phase III randomised controlled trial of preparatory information for children undergoing general anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Recruitment and retention are documented as two of the most difficult elements of conducting clinical trials. These issues are even more challenging in paediatric trials, particularly when the families being recruited and retained are deemed 'hard to reach'. METHODS: Through the authors' own reflection on the conduct of the trial this paper examines recruitment and retention with hard to reach families from the perspective of a recently completed clinical trial on preparatory information for children undergoing general anaesthesia for tooth extractions in which approximately 83% of those approached and eligible agreed to participate. RESULTS: The lessons learned for recruitment include: the importance of children's assent; maximising limited resources when screening and approaching potential participants; valuing families' time; and developing effective professional relationships. The retention rate was 83-85.5% at follow up time points up to 3.5 weeks following recruitment, insights into how this was accomplished include: ensuring continuity of care; determination to connect via telephone; valuing families' time; and close monitoring of appointment date changes. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for future paediatric trials with hard to reach families are discussed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN18265148 ; NIHR Portfolio 10,006. Date of Registration: 29 November 2013. The trial was registered after commencement but before completion of data collection.

What the child "SAID" to the dentist: A UK randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The electronic Survey of Anxiety and Information for Dentists (eSAID) allows children to tell dentists about their feelings and coping preferences. It is a computer "quiz" with 26 questions and free-text responses that produces a report for the children that they can then hand to their dentist. This is the first study to report the use of eSAID in a hospital paediatric dental clinic. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether children thought that eSAID benefitted them, made them less anxious, and improved cooperation and their treatment satisfaction. Fifty-one children aged 8-13 years were randomized to complete either eSAID or a control version in the waiting room before their scheduled dental appointment. The study group had a 26-item questionnaire; the control had only two items. Both groups scored their anxiety on a 7-point anxiety scale at the start and again at the end of the quiz. All subjects handed the resultant eSAID report as a printout to their dentist. Dental treatment proceeded as planned. After treatment, each child reported how they thought the eSAID quiz had benefitted them by scoring on a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale and their satisfaction on the Modified Treatment Evaluation Inventory. The operating dentists scored the children's cooperation using a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale. RESULTS: Overall, the baseline anxiety levels were low (study: mean 1.2; control: mean 1.5). The study group's post-survey anxiety reduced by 0.4, whereas controls' increased by 0.2; this difference is statistically significant (p = .04). However, it made no difference to the children's self-reported benefit (p = .30), satisfaction (p > .05), or cooperation (p = .34). CONCLUSIONS: eSAID reduced pre-treatment anxiety but made no difference to children's perceived benefit, satisfaction, or cooperation. Future study should include known anxious children.

Factors associated with use of general anaesthesia for dental procedures among British children.

Objectives To assess the demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and clinical factors associated with use of dental general anaesthesia (DGA) among British children.Methods This study used data from 3053 children who participated in the 2013 Children's Dental Health Survey in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data were collected through parental questionnaires and clinical examinations. The crude and adjusted association of demographic (sex, age, ethnicity and country of residence), socioeconomic (socioeconomic classification and area deprivation), behavioural (age toothbrushing started, age when first went to the dentist, usual reason for dental visit and dental anxiety) and clinical factors (numbers of decayed and filled teeth) with DGA was assessed in logistic regression models.Results The lifetime prevalence of DGA use was 9.1%. Older children and those living in Wales, with higher levels of dental anxiety and more dental fillings, who visited the dentist only when in trouble, and who had parents in routine/manual occupations and parents who never worked have greater odds of reporting having ever used DGA.Conclusion This study shows that family socioeconomic background, usual reason for dental visit and country of residence were associated with DGA use among British children, over and above the effect of child age, dental anxiety and dental status.

Comparing the profile of child patients attending dental general anaesthesia and conscious sedation services.

Aims To compare the profile of paediatric patients receiving dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) or conscious sedation (CS). A second aim was to explore whether there is an overlap between the two patient groups.Design This service evaluation study was based on sociodemographic and clinical data extracted from clinical records of patients attending dental appointments for GA or CS services at King's College Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical differences between GA and CS groups were explored using logistic regression models.Results Data from 113 children (58 GA and 55 CS) were analysed. There were differences between groups in terms of age and numbers of quadrants and teeth treated, but not in terms of sex, ethnicity or deprivation scores. In the adjusted model, older children and those having more teeth treated were more likely to be in the GA than in the CS group. An overlap between the GA and CS groups was found, with 50% of children aged four to nine years having two to four teeth treated in both groups.Conclusion Age and number of teeth treated were the main characteristics associated with receiving care under GA or CS. Some overlap between children receiving dental treatment under GA or CS existed despite demographic and clinical differences between both groups.

What preventive care do sedated children with caries referred to specialist services need?

Introduction Few studies have assessed the preventive needs of children treated under conscious sedation or their parents'/guardians' views regarding oral health education.Aim To report on the profile of children who required treatment under conscious sedation. Also to obtain the views of the parents or guardians of these children on their experiences of oral health preventive services and the support they would like in order to improve their child's oral health.Method A researcher-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative and qualitative responses from a consecutive sample of 123 parents/guardians during their child's sedation appointment at King's College Hospital.Results Caries was the main reason for the child's sedation treatment and 77.2% of them were high caries risk. Parents reported that their general dentist had given advice about sugar (80%) and tooth-brushing (74%), but few had prescribed fluoride varnish (15%), fissure sealants (12%) or a fluoride rinse (36%). Parents felt challenged by the ready availability of sugar, and others suggested difficulty in maintaining healthy oral habits in complex families. Overall, the majority of parents thought leaflets, health professionals' advice, and Internet websites could be informative, and they requested school- and hospital-based prevention programmes.Discussion The majority of children had high caries risk. They had received advice but not professional preventive treatment such as fluoride varnish and fissure sealants. Their parents requested preventive education using new technologies and media and better access through school-based and hospital prevention programmes.

Parental views on delivering preventive advice to children referred for treatment of dental caries under general anaesthesia: a qualitative investigation.

OBJECTIVES: To: 1, Explore opinions of parents of children undergoing caries treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) regarding delivery of oral health advice; 2, Discover current oral health practices and beliefs; 3, Inform further research and action. METHODS: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and thematic data analysis, sampling parents of children aged 3-10 years undergoing GA tooth extraction due to dental caries. RESULTS: Twenty nine parents were interviewed (mean age 38.9 years, range 28-50, sd 6.4). The mean age of their children was seven years (range 3-10, sd 2.1). All children required deciduous tooth extractions (5.1 teeth on average). Those that also required permanent tooth extractions had on average 2.1 permanent teeth extracted. Many parents knew the importance of oral hygiene and sugar limitation, describing it as 'general knowledge' and 'common sense'. However, few understood that fruit juice is potentially cariogenic. Parenting challenges seemed to restrict their ability to control the child's diet and establish oral hygiene. Many reported not previously receiving oral health advice and reported never having fluoride varnish applied. There were requests for more caries prevention information and advice via the internet, schools or video games. CONCLUSION: Parental oral health knowledge, parenting skills, and previous advice received seem to all be issues related to the oral health of those children. Providing advice, especially in respect to fruit juice cariogenicity and the benefits of fluoride application through a child-friendly website, including a video game, as well as the use of school programmes might be an acceptable approach.

Contemporary dental practice in the UK in 2008: aspects of direct restorations, endodontics and bleaching.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, by postal questionnaire, aspects of the selection and use of direct restorative materials, endodontic techniques and approaches to bleaching by general dental practitioners in the UK, and to compare and contrast the findings with those of a related study reported in 2004. METHODS: A questionnaire comprising 18 questions, each of a number of elements, was sent to 1,000 general dental practitioners in the UK, selected at random from the Dentists Register. Non-responders were sent a second copy of the questionnaire after a period of four weeks had elapsed. RESULTS: A total of 662 useable responses were returned, giving a response rate of 66%. Key findings included: dental amalgam was found to be the most commonly used material in the restoration of occlusoproximal cavities in premolar (59% of respondents) and molar teeth (75% of respondents); glass-ionomer cements and related materials were applied extensively in the restoration of deciduous molars (81% of respondents) and for the luting of indirect restorations (67% of respondents); the use of rubber dam was limited, in particular as an adjunct to procedures in operative dentistry (18% of respondents); relatively few respondents used preformed stainless steel crowns, and among the users only occasionally in the restoration of deciduous molars (23%); and bleaching, predominantly home-based (nightguard) vital bleaching (81% of respondents) was widely practised. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that, for the practitioners surveyed, factors other than best available evidence influenced various aspects of the use of direct restorative materials and the clinical practice of endodontics. As a consequence, many of the features of general dental practice revealed in the process of the investigation were at variance with teaching in dental schools. Bleaching, in particular home-based (nightguard), vital bleaching, was provided by >80% of respondents, indicating widespread interest among patients in enhanced dental attractiveness.

Why are children still having preventable extractions under general anaesthetic? A service evaluation of the views of parents of a high caries risk group of children.

Introduction Despite overall improvements in oral health, the number of children admitted to hospital for extraction of teeth due to caries under general anaesthesia (GA) has been reported as increasing dramatically in England. The new UK government plans to transform NHS dentistry by improving oral health.Aim To evaluate the dental care received by children who required caries-related extractions under GA and obtain the views of their parents or guardians on their experiences of oral health services and the support they would like to improve their child's oral health, to inform future planning.Method An interview questionnaire was designed and piloted to collect data from a consecutive sample of 100 parents or guardians during their child's pre-operative assessment appointment. This took place at one London dental hospital between November 2009 and February 2010.Results Most children were either white (43%) or black British (41%); the average age was seven years (range 2-15, SD 3.1, SE 0.31) and the female:male ratio was 6:5. Most (84%) had experienced dental pain and 66% were referred by a general dental practitioner (GDP). A large proportion of parents or guardians (47%) reported previous dental treatment under GA in their children or child's sibling/s. Challenges discussed by parents in supporting their child's oral health included parenting skills, child behaviour, peer pressure, insufficient time, the dental system and no plans for continuing care for their child. Three out of four parents (74%) reported that they would like support for their child's oral health. Sixty percent of all parents supported school/nursery programmes and 55% supported an oral health programme during their pre-assessment clinic.Discussion These findings suggest that the oral health support received by high caries risk children is low. Health promotion programmes tailored to this cohort are necessary and our findings suggest that they would be welcomed by parents.

The effect of transmucosal 0.2 mg/kg midazolam premedication on dental anxiety, anaesthetic induction and psychological morbidity in children undergoing general anaesthesia for tooth extraction.

BACKGROUND: The project aims were to evaluate the benefit of transmucosal midazolam 0.2 mg/kg pre-medication on anxiety, induction behaviour and psychological morbidity in children undergoing general anaesthesia (GA) extractions. METHOD: One hundred and seventy-nine children aged 5-10 years (mean 6.53 years) participated in this randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ninety children had midazolam placed in the buccal pouch. Dental anxiety was recorded preoperatively and 48 hours later using a child reported MCDAS-FIS scale. Behaviour at anaesthetic induction was recorded and psychological morbidity was scored by the parent using the Rutter Scale preoperatively and again one week later. Subsequent dental attendance was recorded at one, three and six months after GA. RESULTS: While levels of dental anxiety did not reduce overall, the most anxious patients demonstrated a reduction in anxiety after receiving midazolam premedication (p = 0.01). Neither induction behaviour nor psychological morbidity improved. Irrespective of group, parents reported less hyperactive (p = 0.002) and more pro-social behaviour (p = 0.002) after the procedure; older children improved most (p = 0.048). Post-GA dental attendance was poor and unaffected by premedication. CONCLUSION: 0.2 mg/kg buccal midazolam provided some evidence for reducing anxiety in the most dentally anxious patients. However, induction behaviour, psychological morbidity and subsequent dental attendance were not found to alter.

A study of patients attending a multidisciplinary hypodontia clinic over a five year period.

AIM: To gather information about planned treatment, outcomes and type of patient attending a multidisciplinary hypodontia clinic over a five year period at Glasgow Dental Hospital and School. STUDY DESIGN: There were three parts to the study: (i) to report demographics of the patients with hypodontia attending the multidisciplinary clinic from its outset in February 2002 until February 2007; (ii) to report on both the treatment planned on the clinic and whether this was completed as intended; and (iii) to show the number of patients for whom implants were considered. METHODS: The existing hypodontia database was analysed, supplemented where required by data gathered retrospectively from patients' clinical records and radiographs. RESULTS: In the demographic component there were 108 patients seen between February 2002 and February 2007, 57% female patients with a mean age of 13 years. Ninety-one percent (n = 107) of patients were missing two or more teeth, with the most common missing teeth being upper lateral incisors. Orthodontic therapy was most frequently considered in treatment planning. Nineteen patients (23%) may require dental implants. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the patients were female, adolescent and had a positive or suspected family history of hypodontia. Orthodontic therapy was most frequently considered in treatment planning. Nineteen patients may undergo surgery for placement of dental implants.

Short communication: dental anxiety levels and outcomes of care: a preliminary report on experiences of a sedation assessment clinic.

AIM: This was twofold: (1) to report on the type of paediatric patient referred to the sedation assessment clinic at the Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, and (2) to report on the level of anxiety. METHODS: This was a two-part study. The first part was a retrospective review of case notes to evaluate referral pathways to and from the sedation assessment clinic with regard to a range of variables. The second part was a prospective clinical report of dental anxiety. RESULTS: It was noted that 31 (67.4%) of patients were initially referred by their general dental practitioner, 7 (15.2%) by community dental surgeons and 8 (17.4%) by hospital dental surgeons. At the initial referral, 4 children (9%) showed symptoms of pain. The majority of patients were from lower social economic areas, as determined by DEPCAT score and exhibiting moderate to high anxiety levels. The children who were referred for general anaesthesia had the highest anxiety scores. Out of a total of 46 patients, five failed to complete treatment within the modality laid out for them at the assessment clinic. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The patients attending the newly established sedation assessment clinic were mainly high caries risk, socially deprived patients and (2) that the majority of patients were dentally anxious, the most anxious appearing to have been referred for treatment under general anaesthesia.

A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effects of midazolam premedication on children's postoperative cognition.

This randomised, placebo-controlled study assessed the effects of midazolam premedication on children's postoperative cognition and physical morbidity. In all, 179 children aged 5-10 years were randomly assigned to receive buccal midazolam (0.2 mg x kg(-1)) or placebo before sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia for multiple dental extractions. They performed tests of choice reaction time, attention, psychomotor co-ordination and memory pre-operatively (baseline), before discharge and at 48 h. The reaction time of both groups was significantly slower before discharge compared to baseline, with the midazolam group being significantly slower than placebo. Psychomotor co-ordination was also significantly impaired postoperatively after midazolam. Performance on both tests had recovered to baseline by 48 h. Midazolam was also associated with significant anterograde amnesia, both postoperatively and at 48 h, for information presented in the interval between premedication and surgery. The results show significant short-term impairment of children's cognitive function and amnesia enduring for 48 h after low-dose midazolam premedication.

A report on dental anxiety levels in children undergoing nitrous oxide inhalation sedation and propofol target controlled infusion intravenous sedation.

AIM: To report on two separate child sedation cohorts; one undergoing propofol intravenous sedation (IVS) and the other, nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (IS) in respect to changes in dental anxiety and subject characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: The age, gender, level of social deprivation and amount of treatment performed and observed patient behaviour during treatment, using the Frankl and a VAS scale, were recorded for each subject. Anxiety questionnaires were completed before and after treatment. These were: - Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS); Children's Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and two Visual Analogue Scales (VAS). RESULTS AND STATISTICS: Participants (36) attended for treatment under IS and 40 attended for treatment under propofol IVS. The IVS cohort was older (p<0.01), by between 1.9 and 4.1 years and had more treatment [p = 0.015, 95% confidence interval for the difference between the cohort medians was (0, 3) units]. The two cohorts were closely matched in respect to pre-operative anxiety as measured by the MCDAS and CFSS-DS scales. There were significant anxiety reductions within each cohort as measured by three of the scales: - MCDAS, CFSS-DS and VAS (1) (p< or = 0.001) but no significant change in the VAS (2) scores. When the two cohorts were compared, there was no significant difference in the reduction of the self-reported anxiety for any of the four scales (p>0.05). The observed behaviour was good for both cohorts. CONCLUSION: Propofol target-controlled intravenous sedation and nitrous oxide inhalation sedation were similarly efficacious at anxiety reduction in referred dentally anxious children. Subjects undergoing propofol IVS were older than those undergoing IS. Propofol TCI may offer the opportunity for more treatment at each visit. Further propofol TCI conscious sedation studies are required.

An inhalation sedation patient profile at a specialist paediatric dentistry unit: a retrospective survey.

AIM: To report on the characteristics, treatment, attendance, scheduling and duration of treatment sessions of child patients attending a specialist paediatric dental hospital service for inhalation sedation. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out of all 88 patient case notes of inhalation sedation recipients between September 2004 and March 2005. The recorded data included: child's age, gender and level of social deprivation together with the details of the treatment that was undertaken, the time between the first and current/last sedation appointment and the total number of appointments attended, cancelled and missed. RESULTS: Twenty of the subjects were excluded giving a sample of 68; 51% male, mean age at start of treatment 9.8 years (range 4 to 15) and mean age at end of treatment 10.6 years (range 4 to 16). Of these children 35 (51%) were socially deprived. In respect to treatment, 29% had extractions, 22% endodontics, 81% restorations and 25% fissure sealants. In respect to the number of quadrants that had teeth requiring treatment; 26.5% had one, 25% two, 22% three and 26.5% four. The mean number of treatment sessions required was 4.4 with a mean duration between first and last appointments of 9.5 months (range 0.25 051). There were 27% of appointments cancelled, while 12% of patients failed to keep their appointments. CONCLUSIONS: Although over half of the children treated under inhalation sedation came from socially deprived areas, attendance was reasonable and the majority required less than 5 appointments for treatment completion. The treatment provided was variable not only in respect to the procedures but also to the number of quadrants treated.

The effects of brief sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia upon children's postoperative cognition and behaviour.

This study assessed the effects of brief sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia on children's postoperative cognition, behaviour and physical morbidity. Forty-eight children aged 5-10 years undergoing anaesthesia without premedication for multiple dental extractions, and 48 control children, performed tests of choice reaction time, attention, psychomotor co-ordination and memory pre-operatively (baseline), prior to discharge and at 48 h (anaesthesia group only). Physical and psychological morbidity were recorded at 1 week. Mean choice reaction time and psychomotor co-ordination were significantly impaired postoperatively but had recovered at 48 h. However, measures of performance variability suggested the presence of residual impairment. Profound retrograde amnesia affected postoperative and 48-h recall of pictorial stimuli presented prior to anaesthesia, but recognition memory was unimpaired. Attention-seeking, tantrums, crying and nightmares were occurring more frequently in some 8-20% of children 1 week after the procedure.