The Efficiency of Introducing Intrauterine Infusion of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Repeated Implantation Failure Patients: An Unblinded Randomised Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Repeated implantation failure (RIF) refers to the condition where high quality embryos are unable to successfully implant after multiple cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of intrauterine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on pregnancy rate in patients with RIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present randomised clinical trial study was conducted at the IVF Centre of Mehr Medical Institute in Rasht, Iran, from 2020 to 2022. The research consisted of 200 individuals who had experienced multiple failed cycles. These patients were randomised into two groups: intrauterine infusion of 1 ml of G-CSF and intrauterine infusion of 1 ml autologous PRP at least 48 hours before embryo transfer (ET). The groups were compared in terms of implantation rate, and chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy. RESULTS: The implantation rate was significantly higher in patients who received PRP (P=0.016). Chemical pregnancy in the PRP group was significantly higher than G-CSF group (P=0.003). Both clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the PRP group (P=0.001) compared to the G-CSF group (P=0.02). CONCLUSION: The utilisation of PRP via intrauterine infusion is considerably more successful than G-CSF in enhancing pregnancy and live birth rates among patients with RIF.

Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium prevents inflammation-induced liver and lung damage in septic mice.

AIM: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat it. However, due to antibiotic resistance, alternative treatments are needed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising therapeutic tool for sepsis due to their immunomodulatory properties. The limitations of MSC therapy have led to increased attention to cell derivatives such as conditioned medium (CM). This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of young and old MSC-CM during the inflammatory phase of sepsis. MAIN METHODS: The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model was used to induce sepsis in mice. The mice were divided into four groups: sham, CLP, CLP treated with young MSC-CM, and CLP treated with old MSC-CM. The CM was injected intraperitoneally at 2-, 12-, and 24-hours post-surgery. After 72 h, blood was collected and white blood cells (WBCs) were counted. In addition, serum and tissue were isolated, and the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum, bacterial load in the spleen, concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathology of liver and lung were investigated. KEY FINDINGS: MSC-CM decreased serum AST and ALT levels, bacterial load in the spleen, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. In addition, tissue damage was reduced, and the survival rate and WBC count increased. There was no significant difference between the young and old MSC-CM. SIGNIFICANCE: MSC-CM effectively reduced inflammation-induced tissue damage in the liver and lungs during sepsis. Although young MSC-CM had better immunomodulatory effects than old MSC-CM, the difference was not significant.

Intra-abdominal transplantation of PLGA/PCL/M13 phage electrospun scaffold induces self-assembly of lymphoid tissue-like structure.

Lymphoid organs are the main structural components of the immune system. In the current research, the mixture of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and M13 phage or its RGD-modified form was used in the construction of a fibrillar scaffold using the electrospinning method. The constructs were transplanted intra-abdominally and examined for the formation of lymphoid-like tissues at different time intervals. The confocal and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that M13 phage-containing scaffolds provide a suitable environment for lymph node-isolated fibroblasts. Morphological analysis demonstrate the formation of lymph node-like tissues in the M13 phage-containing scaffolds after transplantation. Histological analysis confirm both blood and lymph angiogenesis in the implanted construct and migration of inflammatory cells to the M13 phage-containing scaffolds. In addition, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis showed the homing and compartmentalization of dendritic cells (DCs), B and T lymphocytes within the PLGA/PCL/M13 phage-RGD based scaffolds and similar to what is seen in the mouse lymphoid tissues. It seems that the application of M13 phage could improve the generation of functional lymphoid tissues in the electrospun scaffolds and could be used for lymphoid tissue regeneration.

Pregnancy outcome in long- versus short-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist cycles in participants with normal ovarian reserve: An RCT.

Background: There is no agreement on which of the 2 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist protocols are the most efficient, neither there is any consensus on which one yields a better clinical pregnancy percentage. Objective: The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of reduced dosages of long- and short-acting GnRH agonists on pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 400 women were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 200/group): the reduced dosage of long-acting GnRH agonist group (group 1, 1.25 mg Decapeptyl) and the short-acting GnRH agonist group (group 2, 0.5 mg/day Buserelin Acetate). The study was conducted at Mehr Medical Institute, Rasht, Iran between July 2019 and July 2020. Biochemical and clinical pregnancy were compared between groups. Results: No significant differences were observed in the endometrial lining, the total number of retrieved and metaphase-II oocytes, progesterone, and serum estradiol levels on human chorionic gonadotropin day, fertilization rate, and top-quality embryos between the groups. The duration of induction (10.8 ± 1.7 vs. 10 ± 2.1, p < 0.001) and the total dosage of gonadotropins (2939.4 ± 945.9 vs. 2441 ± 1247.1, p < 0.001) were significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of implantation rate, chemical pregnancy rate, and clinical pregnancy rate. A higher percentage of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was observed in group 2 (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Due to a lower percentage of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in group 1 and similar assisted reproductive technology outcomes in both groups, the long protocol was found to be superior to the short protocol.

Fabrication and rheological properties of a novel interpenetrating network hydrogel based on sage seed hydrocolloid and globulin from the hydrocolloid extraction by-product.

In this study, interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels were developed based on sage seed gum (SSG) and globulin protein (Glo) extracted from the mucilage-free seeds. By combining Glo hydrogel with the SSG network the inherent weak gelation of the single SSG system was compensated. As the fraction of Glo increased, various properties of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels improved substantially. Electrophoretic analysis under reducing conditions showed that Glo dissociated into subunits of approximately 30 kDa and 20 kDa, suggesting it comprises 11S globulin. FTIR spectrum revealed new peaks at 1645 cm-1 and 1537 cm-1 in the amide I and II regions, respectively, for the IPN hydrogels, indicating interactions between two hydrogel networks. Based on the weight loss measurements, the IPN hydrogels exhibited lower mass loss, particularly at higher Glo fractions up to 6 %. The IPN hydrogels also displayed enhanced elasticity, pseudoelasticity, thixotropy, and creep resistance compared to SSG hydrogel, indicating suitability for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. More broadly, this research provides a sustainable strategy toward innovative material development while advancing bio-based hydrogels.

Autophagy induced macrophages by α-alumina(α-AL2O3) conjugated cysteine peptidase, enhances the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes against Leishmania major.

Introduction: Induction of a protective immune response against Leishmania major requires the activation of both TH1 and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Because L. major is an intra-phagosomal parasite, its antigens do not have access to MHC-I. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cysteine peptidase A (CPA)/cysteine peptidase B (CPB) conjugated to α-AL2O3 on autophagy induction in L. major infected macrophages and subsequent activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. Methods: Recombinant CPA and CPB of L. major were produced in expression vectors and purified. Aldehyde functionalized α-AL2O3 were conjugated to hydrazine-modified CPA/CPB by a chemical bond was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The High efficient internalization of α-AL2O3 conjugated CPA/CPB to macrophages was confirmed using a fluorescence microscope and flowcytometry. Induction of the acidic autophagosome and LC3 conversion in macrophages was determined by acridine orange (AO) staining and western blot. Autophagy-activated macrophages were used for CD8+ T cell priming. Cytotoxic activity of the primed CD8+ T cell against L. major infected macrophages was measured using apoptosis assay. Results: α-AL2O3 conjugated CPA/CPB enhances macrophages antigen uptake and increases acidic vacuole formation and LC-3I to LC-3II conversion. Co-culture of autophagy-activated macrophages with CD8+ T cells augmented CD8+ T cells priming and proliferation more than in other study groups. These primed CD8+ T cells induce significant apoptotic death of L. major infected macrophages compared with non-primed CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: α-AL2O3 nanoparticles enhance the cross-presentation of L. major antigens to CD8+ T cells by inducing autophagy. This finding supports the positive role of autophagy and encourages the use of α-AL2O3 in vaccine design.

Intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells regulates the endometrium estrogen and progesterone receptor expression: An RCT.

Background: Repeated implantation failure (RIF) affects 15% of women of reproductive age. There is a high endometrial expression of both estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors (PRs) during the window of implantation in women with RIF. Objective: To evaluate the effects of intrauterine administration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on estrogen receptor α (ERα) and PRs expression in the endometrium of women with RIF during the implantation window. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 22 women with RIF history from January 2018 to August 2019 in Erfan hospital, Tehran, Iran. Participantswere divided into 2 groups (PBMC-treated group [n = 11] and control group [n = 11]). Endometrial tissue samples were collected at the implantation window time, during the mid-secretory phase (luteinizing hormone surge +7 days) of each menstrual cycle. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was used to measure the mRNA levels of ERα and PRs isoforms (PR-A and PR-B) in endometrial tissues. Furthermore, the protein expression of ERα and PRs was investigated using immunohistochemical staining. Results: PBMC treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of endometrial ERα and PRs isoforms at the time of the implantation window (p < 0.001). Moreover, the endometrial ERα and PRs protein localization were significantly lower in PBMC-treated women compared with controls (p = 0.01, and p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The intrauterine administration of PBMC decreased the endometrial ERα and PRs expression during the window of implantation in women with RIF. This local response to PBMC therapy could promote endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.

The combination of mesenchymal stem cell- and hepatocyte-derived exosomes, along with imipenem, ameliorates inflammatory responses and liver damage in a sepsis mouse model.

Aim Sepsis is a medical emergency with no definitive treatment. Animal experiments have confirmed the therapeutic characteristics of exosomes in reducing inflammation and tissue damage. The study investigates the effect of MSC and hepatocyte-derived exosomes along with imipenem in controlling systemic and local (liver) inflammation in a mouse model of sepsis. MAIN METHODS: To induce sepsis in C57BL/6 mice, the Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP) model was used. The mice were given various treatments, including imipenem, MSC-derived exosomes, hepatocyte-derived exosomes, and a mixture of exosomes. Blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed for cell blood count, liver enzymes, NO levels, cytokine concentrations, and bacterial presence. The percentages of TCD3 + CD4+/CD8+ and Treg in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were also assessed using flow cytometry. The pathological changes were assessed in the liver, lung, and heart tissues. In addition, the cytokine content of exosomes was measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS: Our results demonstrated that MSC-derived exosomes+imipenem could control systemic and local inflammation and increase the TCD4+ and Treg populations. Hepatocyte-derived exosomes+imipenem reduced inflammation in the liver and increased the TCD8+ and Treg populations. The mixture of exosomes+imipenem had the best function in reducing inflammation, maintaining all T lymphocyte populations, reducing liver damage, and ultimately increasing the survival rate. SIGNIFICANCE: The mixture of exosomes derived from MSCs and hepatocytes, along with imipenem, in the inflammatory phase of sepsis could be a promising therapeutic strategy in sepsis treatment.

The effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived supernatant nasal administration on lung inflammation and immune response in BCG-vaccinated BALB/c mice.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the known cells that can control and modulate immune responses in different circumstances, including autoimmune diseases. Also, various studies have shown that they can prevent and reduces the pulmonary inflammation caused by infectious agents. In the case of tuberculosis and inflammation caused by BCG, the granuloma has destructive effects and improper orientation of the immune response. Therefore, it is possible to prevent airway damage by preventing harmful inflammatory responses and guiding the immune system responses. This study investigates the role of nasal administration of MSCs supernatant by designing an inflammatory model in the BALB/c mice lung with BCG. MSCs are isolated from mice adipose tissue in this study and evaluated for their phenotypic and differentiation properties. After the third passage, these cells' condition medium (CM) was collected. 20 mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 receive BCG (107 CFU in 5 ml volume for 15 min) nasal administration. Group 2 treated with CM, and group 3 initially were treated with CM (in 5 ml volume for 15 min) and, after 24 h, treated with BCG nasal administration. CM treatment was continued every five days for one month. The fourth group of mice was treated with PBS nasal administration of CM and BCG. One week after the last administration, the lung tissue of mice in each group was pathologically examined. In addition, secretion of IL1-ß, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-ß, and IL-10 in the alveolar fluid and secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in the supernatant of splenocytes was evaluated by ELISA. The TNF-α/IL-10 ratio in the alveolar lung fluid of the BCG received group is 2/9 and decreased to 0.58 after successive CM treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that inflammatory responses to BCG infection in the presence of CM are balanced and pave the way for the induction of effective immune responses by reducing lung tissue damage.

Exploring the Impact of Leishmania Major on Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Evaluating Differentiation, and Immunomodulatory Function.

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a crucial role in responding to pathogens, affect the function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). One important group of PRRs is the toll-like receptors (TLRs). When PRRs are activated, they can alter the expression of specific surface markers, the ability of MSCs to differentiate, and the types of substances they secrete. These modifications in MSC function may have unexpected consequences for patients. In this study, we examined how Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes affect the properties of MSCs. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue and categorized into two groups: one group left untreated and the other group exposed to L. major. Giemsa staining was employed to accurately quantify the number of parasites that entered the cells. After 72 hours, real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to assess the expression of TLRs. Additionally, the flow cytometry technique was used to evaluate the expression of surface markers on the MSCs. Our results showed that MSCs can engulf parasites and increase the expression of TLR4 and TLR6. The pro-inflammatory cytokine increased, and the transforming growth factor-ß decreased significantly. The parasite exposure increased reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, the percentage of cluster differentiation (CD) 73 decreased, and the mean fluorescent index of CD29 and CD73 was down-regulated by L. major. Exposure to parasites diminishes the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs. This discovery holds significance for the application of MSCs in addressing parasite infections and underscores the need for additional research to enhance their therapeutic effectiveness.

Triggering of lymphocytes by CD28, 4-1BB, and PD-1 checkpoints to enhance the immune response capacities.

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) usually become exhausted and dysfunctional owing to chronic contact with tumor cells and overexpression of multiple inhibitor receptors. Activation of TILs by targeting the inhibitory and stimulatory checkpoints has emerged as one of the most promising immunotherapy prospectively. We investigated whether triggering of CD28, 4-1BB, and PD-1 checkpoints simultaneously or alone could enhance the immune response capacity of lymphocytes. In this regard, anti-PD-1, CD80-Fc, and 4-1BBL-Fc proteins were designed and produced in CHO-K1 cells as an expression host. Following confirmation of the Fc fusion proteins' ability to bind to native targets expressed on engineered CHO-K1 cells (CHO-K1/hPD-1, CHO-K1/hCD28, CHO-K1/hCTLA4, and CHO-K1/h4-1BB), the effects of each protein, on its own and in various combinations, were assessed in vitro on T cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokines secretion using the Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay, 7-AAD/CFSE cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, and a LEGENDplex™ Human Th Cytokine Panel, respectively. MLR results demonstrated that T cell proliferation in the presence of the combinations of anti-PD-1/CD80-Fc, CD80-Fc/4-1BBL-Fc, and anti-PD-1/CD80-Fc/4-1BBL-Fc proteins was significantly higher than in the untreated condition (1.83-, 1.91-, and 2.02-fold respectively). Furthermore, anti-PD-1 (17%), 4-1BBL-Fc (19.2%), anti-PD-1/CD80-Fc (18.6%), anti-PD-1/4-1BBL-Fc (21%), CD80-Fc/4-1BBL-Fc (18.5%), and anti-PD-1/CD80-Fc/4-1BBL-Fc (17.3%) significantly enhanced cytotoxicity activity compared to untreated condition (7.8%). However, concerning the cytokine production, CD80-Fc and 4-1BBL-Fc alone or in combination significantly increased the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 compared with the untreated conditions. In conclusion, this research establishes that the various combinations of produced anti-PD-1, CD80-Fc, and 4-1BBL-Fc proteins can noticeably induce the immune response in vitro. Each of these combinations may be effective in killing or destroying cancer cells depending on the type and stage of cancer.

MicroRNA-211-5p Overexpression Effect on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptotic Genes in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysregulation of unfolded protein response are involved in the resistance to apoptosis of FLSs in RA (RA-FLSs). MicroRNA (MiR)-211 plays an important role in controlling ER stress and apoptotic genes in a PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent manner. We investigated the effect of miR-211-5p overexpression on ER stress and apoptotic genes in RA-FLSs. FLSs were isolated from synovial tissues of trauma (n=10) and RA (n=10) patients. MiR-211-5p and mRNA expression of the selected genes involved in the PERK pathway and apoptosis regulation were measured in RA, trauma, and thapsigargin (Tg)-treated RA-FLSs. Afterward, Tg-treated RA-FLSs following miR-211-5p overexpression were evaluated for miR-211-5p and mRNA levels of the study genes. The expression of miR-211-5p, PERK, BAX, and BCL2 showed no differences between RA and trauma. However, the expression of ATF4 and BCL-XL showed a significant increase in trauma. In addition, the levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and MCL1 indicated a significant increase in RA-FLSs. Tg treatment significantly increased the expression of PERK, ATF4, and CHOP in RA-FLSs with no effect on miR-211-5p, BAX, BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1. Furthermore, Tg treatment following miR-211-5p overexpression in RA-FLSs showed a significant increase in levels of miR-211-5p with no changes in apoptotic genes. MiR-211-5p overexpression in stimulated RA-FLSs did not alter the levels of selected genes involved in apoptosis regulation. However, more investigations are necessary to determine the ER stress role in apoptosis regulation in RA-FLSs.

TEffect of Single Embryo Blastomere Biopsy from Human Frozen Embryos on Assisted Reproductive Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) is used to determine chromosomal normality and achieve a successful live birth in infertile couples. There is a possible correlation between chromosomal aneuploidy, embryo development and pregnancy rate. This study evaluated the influence of single blastomere biopsy (SBB) on embryo development and pregnancy rates during frozen embryo transfer (FET) and fresh cycles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study evaluated 115 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles, including 443 embryos (6-8 cells) with a grade A on day three, following PGT-A in the fresh or FET cycles from February 2018 to June 2020. In addition, the fresh cycles without PGT were included as a control group (n=166 embryos). SBB was done on day three and was grouped as FET-PGT (n=149) and the fresh-PGT (n=128). RESULTS: There is a more aneuploidy rate in the FET-PGT group compared to the fresh-PGT cycle (36.60% vs. 20.38%, P<0.001). There is a rate of higher development and blastocyst in the control group. While the embryos of PGT groups showed higher degrees of expansion (expansion 5) on day five. 8.6, 8.59, and 9.37% of expansion 3, 4, and 5 in the fresh-PGT embryos, 12.58, 2.78, and 14.84% of expansion 3, 4, and 5 in the FET-PGD embryos compared to 10.84and 33.73% of expansion 3 and 4 in the control group (without expansion 5; P<0.001). There was no significant relationship between 13, 18, and 21 chromosome aneuploidies with blastocyst development competence among the groups (P<0.1). Following embryo transfer (n=97), the spontaneous abortion rate was higher in the FET-PGT cycles compared to the fresh-PGT and control groups (50 vs. 22 and 11%, respectively; P<0.04). CONCLUSION: The process of SBB following vitrification significantly decreased embryo development and pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, a morphological analysis could not be reliable in selecting chromosomally normal embryos.

Evaluation of Th17 and Treg cytokines in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss.

Background and Aim: The Th17/Treg balance in peripheral blood and reproductive tissues may have a role in the etiology of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL). In this study, we evaluated the major cytokine of Treg cells transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß), and their specific transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), as well as the most highlighted cytokine of Th17 cells (interleukin [IL]-17A) in both URPL patients and healthy women. Methods: Samples were extracted from the peripheral blood, endocervix, endometrium, and vagina of 14 patients with URPL and 12 normal non-pregnant women as a control (normal) group. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine gene expression. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of cytokines in the serum and cervicovaginal fluid. Results: We found that in the URPL group, FOXP3 gene expression was considerably higher in peripheral blood than in the normal group (P=0.043). TGF-ß levels in the cervicovaginal fluid were different in the URPL and normal groups (P=0.015). In comparison to the control group, women with URPL had significantly greater IL-17 gene expression in the peripheral blood (P=0.01). Conclusion: Lower TGF-ß levels in the cervicovaginal fluid of patients compared to controls may be related with increased IL-17 and FOXP3 mRNA levels in patients with URPL. Dysregulation of local immune responses in reproductive tissues may represent dysregulation of systemic regulatory immunological responses in the pathogenesis of URPL. Relevance for Patients: Dysregulation of immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of URPL at least in some patients with URPL. We conclude that the breakdown of tolerance in the local immune responses is more critical than the breakdown of tolerance in systemic tolerance in the pathogenesis of URPL. Therefore, modulating immune responses in the endometrium and decidua may be the focus of future therapeutic approaches in URPL. The impact of seminal plasma on the expansion of Tregs may provide a novel therapeutic intervention that has already been used in assisted reproductive technologies. Therefore, we suggest that transvaginal TGF-ß in women with URPL may induce maternal tolerance which leads to the successful pregnancy.

Evaluating the effects of Cyclosporine A immunosuppression on Mycobacterial infection by inhaling of Cyclosporine A administrated BALB/c mice with live Bacillus Calmette Guérin.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Effects of CsA on determining the direction of the immune response and pathogenesis of infections by altering immune responses particulary T cells functions have always been questionable. We evaluated the effect of different doses of CsA on course of infection in BALB/c mice infected with live Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) (as an example of Mycobacterial infections). Four groups of mice (n = 5) receiving 5, 25, 125, and 0 mg/kg of CsA, three times a week, were infected with BCG aerosolly. Before BCG inhalation and 40-/60- days post-infection, cell proliferation and CD4+CD25+ cell percentage were evaluated in splenocytes of mice after culture and stimulation with PHA or BCG lysate. The histopathological alterations and bacterial burden were assessed in lung tissue. Cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation and the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ cells. After BCG infection, in presence of dose 125 mg/kg, there were some exceptions. The number of bacteria and histopathological lesions and inflammation in lung tissues increased in a dose-dependent manner. CsA immunosuppressed BCG infected mice can be used as a safe model for studying Mycobacterium species pathogenesis and related cellular immune responses.

The efficiency of low-dose letrozole plus clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in intrauterine insemination cycles: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if combination therapy with clomiphene citrate (CC) plus letrozole (L) was associated with a higher efficacy than L and CC alone in patients undergoing ovarian induction plus intrauterine insemination. METHODS: The present multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial was performed between 2018 and 2020. Participants were randomized into three groups: L (n = 167; 5 mg/day), CC (n = 167; 100 mg/day), and L + CC (n = 167) (2.5 mg/day + 50 mg/day) from day 3. Ovarian stimulation was continued with the appropriate dose of gonadotropins daily starting from day 8 and continued until follicular size was 20 mm or more followed by administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (10 000 IU). Semen samples were prepared by direct swim-up technique. RESULTS: In the CC group, gonadotropin dose was significantly higher but endometrial thickness was significantly lower compared with other groups. Number of follicles of 18 mm or more was significantly lower in the L group compared with the other two groups. Number of follicles less than 15 mm was meaningfully higher in the CC group compared with the other groups. In the L + CC group, total and largest follicular size, and the rates of chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy, and live birth were significantly higher compared with other groups. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with L + CC was superior to either L or CC for achieving pregnancy in women undergoing ovarian induction plus intrauterine insemination.

Upregulation of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 and Forkhead Box P3 Transcripts in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Bladder Cancer.

Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the progression of tumors. These cells express forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), which are the potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. The present study aimed to evaluate FOXP3 and CTLA4 transcripts in patients with bladder cancer (BC) compared with healthy individuals. Methods: Transcripts of CTLA4 and FOXP3 genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 50 patients with histologically confirmed BC and 50 healthy individuals were assessed at the Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran) during 2014-2016. RNA was extracted from PBMCs, then cDNA was synthesized and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using appropriate primers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21.0). Results: Significantly higher amounts of CTLA4 and FOXP3 gene transcripts were found in the peripheral blood of BC patients compared with healthy individuals. The expression of both genes was significantly higher in patients with non-invasive and grade I/II BC. The median of CTLA4 and FOXP3 transcript expressions was 3.74 and 5.39, respectively, in non-invasive BC patients, which was significant compared with the control group (P=0.0016 and P=0.009, respectively). The median of target gene mRNA expression in grade I/II BC patients was 2.9 for CTLA4 and 6.61 for FOXP3, which was significant compared with the controls (P=0.013 and P=0.0037, respectively). Conclusion: This study highlights the functional activity of Tregs in early stages of bladder cancer and showed the importance of CTLA4 and FOXP3, when it comes to screening BC.

Liposome-based nanocarriers loaded with anthrax lethal factor and armed with anti-CD19 VHH for effectively inhibiting MAPK pathway in B cells.

OBJECTIVE: One of the vital signaling pathways in cancer development and metastasis is mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Bacillus anthracis Lethal Toxin (LT) is a potent MAPK signaling inhibitor. This toxin is comprised of two distinct domains, Lethal Factor (LF), MAPK inhibitor, and Protective Antigen (PA). To enter various cell lines, LF must be associated with the protective antigen (PA), which facilitates LF delivery. In the current study, to block MAPK signaling, LF was loaded into anti-CD19 immunoliposomes nanoparticle to deliver the cargo to Raji B cells. METHODS: The liposome nanoparticle was prepared using classical lipid film formation, then conjugated to anti-CD19 VHH. The binding efficiency was measured through flow cytometry. The targeted cytotoxicity of LF immunoliposome was confirmed by BrdU lymphoproliferation assay. This was followed by Real-Time PCR to assess the effect of formulation on pro-apoptotic genes. The inhibitory effect of LF on MAPK signaling was confirmed by western blot. RESULTS: Liposome nano-formulation was optimized to reach the maximum LF encapsulation and targeted delivery. Next, phosphorylation of MAPK pathway mediators like MEK1/2, P38 and JNK were inhibited following the treatment of Raji cells with LF-immunoliposome. The treatment also upregulated caspase genes, clearly illustrating cell death induced by LF through pyroptosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, anti-CD19 VHH immunoliposome was loaded with LF, a potent MAPK inhibitor targeting B cells, which curbs proliferation and ushers B cells toward apoptosis. Thus, immunoliposome presents as a versatile nanoparticle for delivery of LF to block aberrant MAPK activation. To use LF as a therapy, it would be necessary to materialize LF without PA. In the current study, PA was substituted with anti-CD19 immunoliposome to make it targeted to CD19+ while keeping the normal cells intact.

Evaluation of Twenty Genes in Prognosis of Patients with Ovarian Cancer Using Four Different Clustering Methods.

BACKGROUND: Comparison of gene expression algorithms may be beneficial for obtaining disease pattern or grouping patients based on the gene expression profile. The current study aimed to investigate whether the knowledge within these data is able to group the ovarian cancer patients with similar disease pattern. METHODS: Four different clustering methods were applied on 20 genes expression data of 37 women with ovarian cancer. All selected genes in this study had prominent roles in the control of the activity of the immune system, as well as the chemotaxis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and etc. Comparison of different clustering methods such as K-means, Hierarchical, Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) and Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm was the other aim of the present study. In addition, the percentage of correct prediction, Robustness-Performance Trade-off (RPT), and Silhouette criteria were used to evaluate the performance of clustering methods. RESULTS: Six out of 20 genes (IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-4, BCL-2, Oct4 and survivin) selected by the Laplacian score showed key roles in the development of ovarian cancer and their prognostic values were clinically and statistically confirmed. The results indicated proper capability of the expression pattern of these genes in grouping the patients with similar prognosis, i.e. patients alive after 5 years or dead (62.12%). CONCLUSION: The results revealed the better performance for k-means and hierarchical clustering methods, and confirmed the fact that by using the expression profile of these genes, patients with similar behavior can be grouped in the same cluster with acceptable accuracy level. Certainly, the useful information from these data may contribute to the prediction of prognosis in ovarian cancer patients along with other features of patients.
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