Foliar application of Phenylalanine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube improved the content of volatile compounds of basil grown in greenhouse.

Carbon nanotubes are among the elicitors that have different effects on plants. Basil as a useful and valuable plant has significant medicinal properties; The aim of this research is to study the effect of different concentrations of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with phenylalanine and non-functionalized in concentrations of (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.l-1) and activated carbon on total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, the content of H2O2, reactive oxygen species detection, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the concentration of volatile compounds of basil in the greenhouse culture, in an experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications, and in the faculty of sciences of Urmia university's laboratory. The highest content of total phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide content were observed in the 200 mg.l-1 functionalized carbon nanotube. The highest percentage of alpha-Copaene, trans-alpha-Bergamotene, alpha-Guaiene, Bicyclogermacrene, 1,10-di-epi-Cubenol and alpha-Eudesmol compounds at 150 mg.l-1 of functionalized carbon nanotube and the highest percentage of compounds 1,8-cineole and eugenol was observed at 100 mg.l-1 of functionalized carbon nanotube. The compounds of linalool, camphor and anethole also showed their highest amount in treatments of 200, 150 and 50 mg.l-1 of carbon nanotube, respectively. In general, the observations of this research indicated that the use of functionalized carbon nanotubes as a stimulant has increased the antioxidant capacity of basil and on the other hand, it has led to an improving in the content of secondary metabolites.

The effects of the electromagnetic fields on the biochemical components, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of tea Camellia sinensis L.

The electromagnetic fields (EMFs) by wide range of the frequency spectrum, have capability to cause crucial alternation and deleterious effects in biological systems. The aim of the present study is to assay the biochemical components, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of the electromagnetic fields treated samples of tea which is the most ancient non-alcoholic drink, containing different types of flavonols. Rutin, Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol as flavonoid components markers are also to be analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show that The EMF's treatments brought about distinct alternations in biochemical components of tea, so that regardless of the intensity of the EMF's, less duration of exposure (30 min) caused more content of those mentioned flavonoid components (except Myricetin) than that of 60 min of exposure. A 30 min of 4 miliTesla (mT) exposure of the EMF's, resulted in the highest amount of Rutin, Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol. It is concluded that less duration of the EMF's treatments induces more production and also accumulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components. In higher intensity of the EMF's (more than 4 mT), the concentrations of the mentioned biochemical components decreased.

Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip. from Iran.

Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty wild populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip., was investigated. The aerial parts of T. polycephalum were collected at full flowering stage from West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, air-dried; hydrodistilled to produce essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty compounds were identified accounting for 96.4-99.9% of the total oils. The most principal compounds were cis-thujone (0-82.3%), trans-thujone (0-79.8%), camphor (1.3-75.0%), 1,8-cineole (4.5-43.3%), borneol (1.0-36.2%) and bornyl acetate (0-26.8%). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the percentages (>0.5%) of the essential oils components was carried out to determine the chemical diversity among the populations studied. The cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four main chemotypes namely: 'camphor + 1,8-cineole', 'mixed', 'cis-thujone' and 'trans-thujone'.

Phenolic and flavonoid content of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (leaf and flower).

UNLABELLED: Objectives : Leaves and flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds have antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaves and flowers in two E. angustifolia variants using different solvents (ethanol and methanol). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the plant leaves and flowers were prepared. Experiments were carried out to measure their phenolic and flavonoid content using two solvents. Data were analyzed using Instat-N software. RESULTS: RESULTS showed that the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in both ethanolic and methanolic extracts was higher in Fariman variant compared with Mashhad variant. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Fariman variant had the highest amount of phenolic compound (10.91±0.18, 10.28± 0.36 mg GAE/100gFW, respectively) and also the highest amounts of flavonoids (5.80±0.10, 3.36±0.05 mgQE/100gFW, respectively). Phenolic and flavonoids compounds were better extracted using methanol and ethanol solvent. CONCLUSIONS: In both varieties and solvents, the amount of phenolic and flavonoids compounds in leaves were higher than flowers. In addition, the phenolic and flavonoids compounds were higher in Fariman compared to Mashhad variants.