Activation of 5-HT6 Receptors in the Ventrolateral Orbital Cortex Produces Anti-Anxiodepressive Effects in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain.

The comorbidity of anxiety and depression frequently occurs in patients with neuropathic pain. The ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) plays a critical role in mediating neuropathic pain and anxiodepression in rodents. Previous studies suggested that 5-HT6 receptors in the VLO are involved in neuropathic pain. Strong evidence supports a close link between 5-HT6 receptors and affective disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the 5-HT6 receptors in the VLO are involved in neuropathic pain-induced anxiodepression. Using a rat neuropathic pain model of spared nerve injury (SNI), we demonstrated that rats exhibited significant anxiodepression-like behaviors and the expression of VLO 5-HT6 receptors obviously decreased four weeks after SNI surgery. Microinjection of the 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD-386088 into the VLO or overexpression of VLO 5-HT6 receptors alleviated anxiodepression-like behaviors. These effects were blocked by pre-microinjection of a selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist (SB-258585) or inhibitors of AC (SQ-22536), PKA (H89), and MEK1/2 (U0126) respectively. Meanwhile, the expression of p-ERK, p-CREB, and BDNF in the VLO decreased four weeks after SNI surgery. Furthermore, administration of EMD-386088 upregulated the expression of BDNF, p-ERK, and p-CREB in the VLO of SNI rats, which were reversed by pre-injection of SB-258585. These findings suggest that activating 5-HT6 receptors in the VLO has anti-anxiodepressive effects in rats with neuropathic pain via activating AC-cAMP-PKA-MERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Accordingly, 5-HT6 receptor in the VLO could be a potential target for the treatment of the comorbidity of neuropathic pain and anxiodepression.

Activation of 5-HT5A receptor in the ventrolateral orbital cortex produces antinociceptive effects in rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.

The ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) is identified as an integral component of the endogenous analgesic system comprising a spinal cord - thalamic nucleus submedius - VLO - periaqueductal gray (PAG) - spinal cord loop. The present study investigates the effects of 5-HT5A receptor activation in the VLO on allodynia induced by spared nerve injury and formalin-evoked flinching behavior and spinal c-Fos expression in male SD rats, and further examines whether GABAergic modulation is involved in the effects evoked by VLO 5-HT5A receptor activation. We found an upregulation of 5-HT5A receptor expression in the VLO during neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. Microinjection of the non-selective 5-HT5A receptor agonist 5-CT into the VLO dose dependently alleviated allodynia, and flinching behavior and spinal c-Fos expression, which were blocked by the selective 5-HT5A receptor antagonist SB-699551. Moreover, application of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline in the VLO augmented the analgesic effects induced by 5-CT in neuropathic and inflammatory pain states, whereas the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol attenuated these analgesic effects. Additionally, the 5-HT5A receptors were found to be colocalized with GABAergic neurons in the VLO. These results provide new evidence for the involvement of central 5-HT5A receptors in the VLO in modulation of neuropathic and inflammatory pain and support the hypothesis that activation of 5-HT5A receptors may inhibit the inhibitory effect of GABAergic interneurons on output neurons projecting to the PAG (GABAergic disinhibitory mechanisms), consequently activating the brainstem descending inhibitory system that depresses nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord level.

Targeted isolation of antitubercular cycloheptapeptides and an unusual pyrroloindoline-containing new analog, asperpyrroindotide A, using LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking.

Further insights on the secondary metabolites of a soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor under the guidance of MS/MS-based molecular networking led to the isolation of seven known cycloheptapeptides, namely, asperversiamides A-C (1-3) and asperheptatides A-D (4-7) and an unusual pyrroloindoline-containing new cycloheptapeptide, asperpyrroindotide A (8). The structure of 8 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, and its absolute configuration was determined by advanced Marfey's method. The semisynthetic transformation of 1 into 8 was successfully achieved and the reaction conditions were optimized. Additionally, a series of new derivatives (10-19) of asperversiamide A (1) was semi-synthesized and their anti-tubercular activities were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. The preliminary structure-activity relationships revealed that the serine hydroxy groups and the tryptophan residue are important to the activity. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00157-8.

Semisynthesis and biological evaluation of (+)-sclerotiorin derivatives as antitumor agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common primary hepatic malignancy. Herein, a series of semisynthesized derivatives (2-30) of the natural product (+)-sclerotiorin (1) was prepared and evaluated the cytotoxic activities against six cancer cell lines. Among them, 3 and 5 were the most effective compounds against human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel-7402 cell line with IC50 values of 1.45 and 1.15 µM, respectively. Molecular mechanism study showed that 5 disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. In addition, 5 affected AKT and ERK signaling pathways and induced AKT and ERK proteins degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, 5 displayed significant in vivo anticancer effects in the xenograft models with decreasing the tumor mass by 52.5%. The safety evaluation was confirmed by acute toxicity subchronic toxicity tests, paraffin sections of mice organ and blood routine examination. Taken together, 5 can be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Targeted Isolation of Asperheptatides from a Coral-Derived Fungus Using LC-MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking and Antitubercular Activities of Modified Cinnamate Derivatives.

Under the guidance of MS/MS-based molecular networking, four new cycloheptapeptides, namely, asperheptatides A-D (1-4), were isolated together with three known analogues, asperversiamide A-C (5-7), from the coral-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor. The planar structures of the two major compounds, asperheptatides A and B (1 and 2), were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues were determined by advanced Marfey's method. The two structurally related trace metabolites, asperheptatides C and D (3 and 4), were characterized by ESI-MS/MS fragmentation methods. A series of new derivatives (8-26) of asperversiamide A (5) were semisynthesized. The antitubercular activities of 1, 2, and 5-26 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were also evaluated. Compounds 9, 13, 23, and 24 showed moderate activities with MIC values of 12.5 µM, representing a potential new class of antitubercular agents.

Sordarin Diterpene Glycosides with an Unusual 1,3-Dioxolan-4-one Ring from the Zoanthid-Derived Fungus Curvularia hawaiiensis TA26-15.

Six new sordarin tetracyclic diterpene glycosides, moriniafungins B-G (1-6), and a new sordaricin tetracyclic diterpene, sordaricin B (8), together with two known analogues, moriniafungin (7) and sordaricin (9), were isolated from the zoanthid-derived fungus Curvularia hawaiiensis TA26-15. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. Compounds 1-6 represent the first case of sordarins from marine-derived fungi possessing a sordarose with a spiro 1,3-dioxolan-4-one ring, which is rare in the nature. Compound 4 showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC10231 with an MIC value of 2.9 µM.

Chemical and Bioactive Marine Natural Products of Coral-Derived Microorganisms (2015-2017).

Coral-derived microorganisms are known for their inherent ability to produce novel products of pharmaceutical importance. Nearly 260 marine natural products (MNPs) have been isolated from coral-derived microorganisms till 2014. In the last three years, 118 MNPs have been isolated from coral-associated microorganisms including 46 new compounds, two with a novel skeleton, and four new natural products. Most of them exhibited in vitro or in vivo activities against tumor cell lines, parasites, pathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus. We reviewed the natural products reported from 2015 to 2017 that have a wide range of bioactivities against different biological targets.

Marine natural products as potential anti-tubercular agents.

Tuberculosis has been one of the greatest global health challenges of all time. Although the current first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) medicines used in the clinic have reduced mortality, multidrug-resistance and extensively drug-resistance forms of the disease have now spread worldwide and become a global problem. Even so, few new clinically approved drugs have emerged during the past 30 years. Highly biodiverse marine organisms have received considerable attention for drug discovery in the past couple of decades, and emerging TB drug resistance has motivated interest in assessing marine natural products (MNPs) in the treatment of this disease. So far, more than 170 compounds have been isolated from marine organisms with anti-TB properties, ten of which exhibit potent activity and have the potential for further development. This review systematically surveys MNPs with anti-TB activity and illustrates the impact of these compounds on drug discovery research against tuberculosis.

Integrating Molecular Networking and 1H NMR To Target the Isolation of Chrysogeamides from a Library of Marine-Derived Penicillium Fungi.

A challenging problem in natural product discovery is to rapidly dereplicate known compounds and expose novel ones from complicated components. Herein, integrating the LC-MS/MS-dependent molecular networking and 1H NMR techniques efficiently and successfully enabled the targeted identification of seven new cyclohexadepsipeptides, chrysogeamides A-G (1-7), from the coral-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (CHNSCLM-0003) which was targeted from a library of marine-derived Penicillium fungi. Compound 4 features a rare 3-hydroxy-4-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA) moiety which was first discovered from marine-derived organisms. Interestingly, isotope-labeling feeding experiments confirmed that 13C1-l-Leu was transformed into 13C1-d-Leu moiety, indicating that d-Leu could be isomerized from l-Leu. Compounds 1 and 2 obviously promoted angiogenesis in zebrafish at 1.0 µg/mL with nontoxic to embryonic zebrafish at 100 µg/mL. Combining molecular networking with 1H NMR as a discovery tool will be implemented as a systematic strategy, not only for known compounds dereplication but also for untapped reservoir discovery.

Discovery, absolute assignments, and total synthesis of asperversiamides A-C and their potent activity against Mycobacterium marinum.

Integrating molecular networking and 1H NMR techniques successfully enabled the discovery of three new cycloheptapeptides, asperversiamides A-C (1-3). Their complete structures were further confirmed by total synthesis. All three compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium marinum.

Harzianumnones A and B: two hydroxyanthraquinones from the coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum.

Two new hydroxyanthraquinones, harzianumnones A (1) and B (2), together with seven known analogs (3-9), were isolated from the soft coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075). Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic investigation. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by ECD calculation and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 were identified as a pair of epimers, which are the first example of hydroanthraquinones from T. harzianum. Compounds 7 and 8 exhibited cytotoxicity against hepatoma cell line HepG2 with IC50 values of 2.10 and 9.39 µM, respectively. Compound 7 was still found to show cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cell line HeLa with an IC50 value of 8.59 µM.

Aspersymmetide A, a New Centrosymmetric Cyclohexapeptide from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus versicolor.

A new centrosymmetric cyclohexapeptide, aspersymmetide A (1), together with a known peptide, asperphenamate (2), was isolated from the fungus Aspergillus versicolor isolated from a gorgonian coral Carijoa sp., collected from the South China Sea. The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by analyzing its NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry data, and the absolute configurations of the amino acids of 1 were determined by Marfey's method and UPLC-MS analysis of the hydrolysate. Aspersymmetide A (1) represents the first example of marine-derived centrosymmetric cyclohexapeptide. Moreover, 1 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against NCI-H292 and A431 cell lines at the concentration of 10 µM.

Xylapeptide A, an Antibacterial Cyclopentapeptide with an Uncommon L-Pipecolinic Acid Moiety from the Associated Fungus Xylaria sp. (GDG-102).

Two new cyclopentapeptides, xylapeptide A (1) with an uncommon L-pipecolinic acid moiety, and xylapeptide B (2) having a common L-proline residue were identified from an associated fungus Xylaria sp. isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Sophora tonkinensis. Their planar structures were elucidated by a comprehensive analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic spectra. The absolute configurations were determined by Marfey's method and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Cu Kα) analysis. Xylapeptide A (1) is the first example of cyclopentapeptide with L-Pip of terrestrial origin and showed strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus with MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL.

Bioactive Diphenyl Ethers and Isocoumarin Derivatives from a Gorgonian-Derived Fungus Phoma sp. (TA07-1).

Three new diphenyl ether derivatives-phomaethers A-C (1-3) and five known compounds-including a diphenyl ether analog, 2,3'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-5',6-dimethyl diphenyl ether (4); and four isocoumarin derivatives, diaportinol (5), desmethyldiaportinol (6), citreoisocoumarinol (7), and citreoisocoumarin (8)-were isolated from a gorgonian-derived fungus Phoma sp. (TA07-1). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic investigation. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by acid hydrolysis reactions. It was the first report to discover the diphenyl glycoside derivatives from coral-derived fungi. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed selective strong antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria with the minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) values and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values between 0.156 and 10.0 µM.

Nigrodiquinone A, a Hydroanthraquinone Dimer Containing a Rare C-9-C-7' Linkage from a Zoanthid-Derived Nigrospora sp. Fungus.

One new hydroanthraquinone dimer with a rare C-9-C-7' linkage, nigrodiquinone A (1), and four known anthraquinone monomers 2-5, were isolated from a fungus Nigrospora sp. obtained from the zoanthid Palythoa haddoni collected in the South China Sea. The structure of 1 was established through extensive NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration was elucidated by comparing computed electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and optical rotations (OR) with experimental results. All the compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity, and 1 was also evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compound 4 displayed mild antiviral activity against coxsackie virus (Cox-B3) with the IC50 value of 93.7 µM, and 5 showed an IC50 value of 74.0 µM against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Penimethavone A, a flavone from a gorgonian-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum.

A novel flavone, penimethavone A (1), possessing a rare unique methyl group at ring-B, was isolated from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum cultured from a gorgonian Carijoa sp. collected from the South China Sea. The structure was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with related known compound. Compound 1 showed selective and moderate cytotoxicity against cervical cancer (HeLa) and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines with IC50 values of 8.41 and 8.18 µM, respectively.

Biological and chemical diversity of coral-derived microorganisms.

Coral-derived microorganisms have been a major focus of many research efforts on marine ecology in recent decades. Importantly, research on bioactive compounds from these diverse microorganisms, which include fungi and bacteria, has experienced an explosive growth during the past five years. This has unveiled the ecological roles of these microorganisms, which prevent antifouling, inhibit pathogenic bacteria, and deter predators in ocean ecosystems. Moreover, the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of the compounds produced by these microorganisms have also been studied extensively, leading not only to an understanding their roles within ecosystems, but also the potential value of their use in human health. In this review, 258 marine natural products, including polyketides, terpenoids, meroterpenoids, alkaloids, peptides, shikimates and lipids, all discovered in the past 24 years, are presented. 146 references are cited.

Intravenous ilaprazole is more potent than oral ilaprazole against gastric lesions in rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ilaprazole is a novel proton pump inhibitor that has been marketed as an oral therapy for acid-related diseases in China and Korea. This study aimed to compare the gastroprotective effects of intravenous and enteral ilaprazole in rat models. METHODS: The rats were divided into 7-8 groups receiving vehicle, esomeprazole, and different doses of intravenous and enteral ilaprazole. The rats were then exposed to indomethacin (30 mg/kg, i.g.), or water-immersion stress and gastric lesions were examined. The effects of different treatments on histamine (10 µmol/kg/h)-induced acid secretion were also observed. RESULTS: Intravenous ilaprazole exhibited high antiulcer activity in a dose-dependent manner. Ilaprazole at a dose of 3 mg/kg decreased ulcer number and index to the same extent as 20 mg/kg esomeprazole. Moreover, the potency of intravenous ilaprazole is superior to that of intragastric ilaprazole. In anesthetized rats, the inhibitory effect of intravenous ilaprazole on histamine-induced acid secretion is faster and longer-lasting than that of intraduodenal ilaprazole. CONCLUSION: Intravenous ilaprazole is more potent than oral ilaprazole against indomethacin- or stress-induced gastric lesions, with faster and longer inhibition of acid secretion.

[Cross-linking mechanism of the matrix of hydrogel patch].

In this study, we prepared various matrices of hydrogel patches and studied their cross-linking mechanism by observing their rheological properties, which could provide theoretical basis and deep technical support for further industrial development of hydrogel patch. Rheology method was used to do the amplitude scanning and single-frequency scanning for various hydrogel matrix, under the condition of oscillation mode of the rheometer. Then the linear viscoelastic region, composite modulus value, as well as changes in slope with time of the composite modulus and phase angle of various hydrogel matrix were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the stability of matrix was mainly determined by hydrogel frame; only in acidic environment, the cross-linking reaction between cross-linker and hydrogel frame can occur; elasticity of matrix can be decreased by organic acid and the effect level was related to the ratio of the number of carboxyl and hydroxyl (-COO(-)/-OH) in adjusters: if the ratio was not equal, the higher -COO(-)/-OH in adjusters would be the less elasticity of matrix decreased; the cross-linking speed of matrix was determined by adjuster, the cross-linking speed of matrix contain different adjusters was ranged in following order: matrix containing tartaric acid > matrix containing lactic acid > matrix containing malic acid > matrix containing citric acid; the cross-linking speed of matrix was not uniform in the whole cross-linking process.

Initial defibrillation versus initial chest compression in a 4-minute ventricular fibrillation canine model of cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVE: Previous laboratory and clinical studies have demonstrated that chest compression preceding defibrillation in prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) increases the likelihood of successful cardiac resuscitation. The lower limit of VF duration when preshock chest compression provides no benefit has not been specifically studied. We aimed to study the effect of order of defibrillation and chest compression on defibrillation and cardiac resuscitation in a 4-minute VF canine model of cardiac arrest. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized animal study. SETTING: Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research and Department of Cardiology, QiLu Hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four domestic dogs. INTERVENTIONS: VF was induced in anesthetized and ventilated canines. After 4 minutes of untreated VF, animals were randomly assigned to receive shock first or chest compression first. Animals in the shock-first group received an immediate single countershock of 360 J for <10 seconds, then 200 immediate compressions before pulse check or rhythm reanalysis. The ratio of compression to ventilation was 30:2. Interruptions to deliver rescue breaths were eliminated in this study. Animals in the chest compression-first group received 200 chest compressions before a single countershock; the other interventions were the same as for the shock-first group. End points were restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), defined as spontaneous systolic arterial pressure >50 mm Hg, when epinephrine (0.02 mg/kg intravenously) was given, and resuscitation, defined as maintaining systolic arterial pressure >50 mm Hg at the 24-hour study end point. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the shock-first group, all animals achieved ROSC, and ten of 12 survived at the 24-hour study end point. In the chest compression-first group, 11 of 12 animals achieved ROSC, and nine of 12 survived at the 24-hour study end point. CONCLUSIONS: In this 4-minute VF canine model of cardiac arrest, the order of initial defibrillation or initial chest compression does not affect cardiac resuscitation.