The mediating role of children's intergenerational support in association between grandparenting and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese: findings from the CHARLS cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: With the world's population increasing in age, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among individuals. This study aims to investigate the association between grandparenting and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese using data from 2011 to 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Additionally, the study seeks to explore the potential mediating effect of intergenerational support from children on this relationship, using data from the CHARLS 2011 database. METHODS: 5254 participants were recruited at the baseline survey in CHARLS 2011. Subsequently, a follow-up survey was conducted over 8 years, from CHARLS 2011 to 2018, with 1472 individuals completing the follow-up survey. The CHARLS included surveys on grandparenting and cognitive assessments. Grandparenting was categorized as yes and no. The assessment of cognitive function involved the evaluation of episodic memory and mental intactness. The present study used cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to examine the relationship between grandparenting and cognitive function. The bootstrap method assessed the mediating effect of children's intergenerational support. RESULTS: The results of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicated a positive association between grandparenting and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese (B = 0.138, p < 0.05; B = 0.218, p < 0.05). Children's emotional and economic support played intermediary roles between grandparenting and cognitive function. CONCLUSION: The results emphasized the significance of policymakers considering the consequences of intergenerational care and family support when formulating and executing social service policies targeted at the middle-aged and older population in China.

Association between caring for grandchildren based on living arrangements and cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: The mediating roles of social activities and depressive symptoms.

Introduction: In the context of an aging population and age-related conditions increasing, the increasing number of middle-aged and older adults are involved in grandchildren care. This study aimed to 1) explore the association between caring for grandchildren based on living arrangements and cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults; and 2) investigate the mediating roles of social activities and depressive symptoms in the aforementioned association. Methods: This study selected 5490 Chinese people (≥45 years old) from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants answered questions related to socio-demographics, the Mini-mental State Examination, the intensity of grandchildren care, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and social activity. Results: The results showed that caring for grandchildren and cohabiting with a spouse was positively associated with cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults (B = 0.829, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a positive association between providing intensive or no-intensive grandchildren care and cognitive function. In contrast, caring for grandchildren but not cohabiting with a spouse was negatively associated with cognitive function (B = -0.545, p < 0.05). Moreover, directly and indirectly, caring for grandchildren was significantly associated with cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults, as mediated by social activities and depressive symptoms. Discussion: The findings emphasize that living arrangements, social engagement, and psychological health could be considered when encouraging grandparent care as formal care.

Synthesis of hydrophilic glyceryl monocaffeate with economical catalyst cation-exchange resin Amberlyst-35.

BACKGROUND: Caffeic acid (CA) has anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory. However, the poor hydrophilicity of CA limits its biological activities. In this work, hydrophilic glyceryl monocaffeate (GMC) was synthesized by esterification using different caffeoyl donors (deep eutectic solvent and solid CA). Cation-exchange resins were used as the catalysts. The effects of reaction conditions were also investigated. RESULTS: The mass transfer limitation of esterification was eliminated using deep eutectic solvent. Compared with the previous catalysts (immobilized lipase Novozym 435), an economic cation-exchange resin, Amberlyst-35 (A-35), showed good catalytic performance for GMC preparation. The activation energies of GMC synthesis and CA conversion were 43.71 kJ mol-1 and 43.07 kJ mol-1 , respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were a temperature reaction of 90 °C, catalyst load of 7%, glycerol/CA molar ratio of 5:1 (mol mol-1 ), and reaction time of 24 h, which resulted in a maximum GMC yield and CA conversion of 69.75 ± 1.03% and 82.23 ± 2.02%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the work showed a promising alternative for the synthesis of GMC. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synthesis of Lipophilic Caffeoyl Alkyl Ester Using a Novel Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent.

In this work, a novel method for lipophilic caffeoyl alkyl ester production was developed using a natural deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and caffeic acid (CA) as the caffeoyl donor. Cation-exchange resins were used as the catalyst to catalyze the esterification of fatty alcohols with the DES. Effects of the caffeoyl donor and reaction variables were investigated. Reaction thermodynamics were also analyzed. The results showed that the lipophilic caffeoyl alkyl ester production can be enhanced using the DES as the caffeoyl donor, and cation-exchange resin A-35 showed the best catalytic activity for the reaction. Under the optimized conditions (85 °C, stearyl alcohol/CA 8:1 (mol/mol), A-35 load 5% and 24 h), the maximum octodecyl caffeate (OC) yield (90.69 ± 2.71%) and CA conversion (95.17 ± 2.76%) were obtained with the DES as the caffeoyl donor, which were much higher than those obtained with solid CA as the caffeoyl donor (OC yield 40.97 ± 2.37% and CA conversion 44.26 ± 1.69%). The activation energy of CA conversion (67.57 kJ/mol) with the DES was lower than that with solid CA (90.19 kJ/mol). In addition, the mass transfer limitation can be decreased with the DES. Compared with solid CA as the caffeoyl donor, a fast reaction rate and low mass transfer limitation were obtained using the DES as the caffeoyl donor.