Effect of a fall within three months of admission on delirium in critically Ill elderly patients: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is common among elderly patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and increased risk of death. Understanding the potential risk factors and early prevention of delirium is critical to facilitate timely intervention that may reverse or mitigate the harmful consequences of delirium. AIM: To clarify the effects of pre-admission falls on ICU outcomes, primarily delirium, and secondarily pressure injuries and urinary tract infections. METHODS: The study relied on data sourced from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. Statistical tests (Wilcoxon rank-sum or chi-squared) compared cohort characteristics. Logistic regression was employed to investigate the association between a history of falls and delirium, as well as secondary outcomes, while Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to assess short-term survival in delirium and non-delirium patients. RESULTS: Study encompassed 22,547 participants. Delirium incidence was 40%, significantly higher in patients with a history of falls (54.4% vs. 34.5%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression, controlling for confounders, not only confirmed that a history of falls elevates the odds of delirium (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.97-2.26; p < 0.001) but also showed it increases the incidence of urinary tract infections (OR:1.50; 95% CI:1.40-1.62; p < 0.001) and pressure injuries (OR:1.36; 95% CI:1.26-1.47; p < 0.001). Elderly delirium patients exhibited lower 30-, 180-, and 360-day survival rates than non-delirium counterparts (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals that history of falls significantly heighten the risk of delirium and other adverse outcomes in elderly ICU patients, leading to decreased short-term survival rates. This emphasizes the critical need for early interventions and could inform future strategies to manage and prevent these conditions in ICU settings.

Proteomics Identifies LUC7L3 as a Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Alternative splicing has been shown to participate in tumor progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The poor prognosis of patients with HCC calls for molecular classification and biomarker identification to facilitate precision medicine. We performed ssGSEA analysis to quantify the pathway activity of RNA splicing in three HCC cohorts. Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods were used for survival analysis. GO and GSEA were performed to analyze pathway enrichment. We confirmed that RNA splicing is significantly correlated with prognosis, and identified an alternative splicing-associated protein LUC7L3 as a potential HCC prognostic biomarker. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that high LUC7L3 expression indicated a more progressive HCC subtype and worse clinical features. Cell proliferation-related pathways were enriched in HCC patients with high LUC7L3 expression. Consistently, we proved that LUC7L3 knockdown could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and suppress the activation of associated signaling pathways in vitro. In this research, the relevance between RNA splicing and HCC patient prognosis was outlined. Our newly identified biomarker LUC7L3 could provide stratification for patient survival and recurrence risk, facilitating early medical intervention before recurrence or disease progression.

Multiomics analysis reveals metabolic subtypes and identifies diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKA) as a potential therapeutic target for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly heterogeneous and lethal hepatobiliary tumor with few therapeutic strategies. The metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells plays an essential role in the development of tumors, while the metabolic molecular classification of iCCA is largely unknown. Here, we performed an integrated multiomics analysis and metabolic classification to depict differences in metabolic characteristics of iCCA patients, hoping to provide a novel perspective to understand and treat iCCA. METHODS: We performed integrated multiomics analysis in 116 iCCA samples, including whole-exome sequencing, bulk RNA-sequencing and proteome analysis. Based on the non-negative matrix factorization method and the protein abundance of metabolic genes in human genome-scale metabolic models, the metabolic subtype of iCCA was determined. Survival and prognostic gene analyses were used to compare overall survival (OS) differences between metabolic subtypes. Cell proliferation analysis, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, colony formation assay, RNA-sequencing and Western blotting were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKA) in iCCA cells. RESULTS: Three metabolic subtypes (S1-S3) with subtype-specific biomarkers of iCCA were identified. These metabolic subtypes presented with distinct prognoses, metabolic features, immune microenvironments, and genetic alterations. The S2 subtype with the worst survival showed the activation of some special metabolic processes, immune-suppressed microenvironment and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)/AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) mutations. Among the S2 subtype-specific upregulated proteins, DGKA was further identified as a potential drug target for iCCA, which promoted cell proliferation by enhancing phosphatidic acid (PA) metabolism and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. CONCLUSION: Via multiomics analyses, we identified three metabolic subtypes of iCCA, revealing that the S2 subtype exhibited the poorest survival outcomes. We further identified DGKA as a potential target for the S2 subtype.

Comparative Analysis of Epidemiological Features of HIV/AIDS Cases Aged Over and Under 50 Years Old - China, 2010-2022.

Introduction: Recent data indicate a year-on-year increase in the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) cases reported among individuals aged ≥50 in China. This study compares the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases in populations above and below 50 years of age. By doing so, it seeks to scrutinize the current epidemiological landscape of HIV within these distinct age cohorts and suggest tailored interventions for each group. Methods: We utilized data from the Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System for our comparative analysis. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to assess the trends in standardized detection rates. Results: In China, the number of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in the 15-49 age group increased from 51,436 in 2010 to 55,397 in 2022, while it increased from 11,751 in 2010 to 51,856 in 2022 in the group aged ≥50 years. Recent years have seen a greater proportion and detection rate of HIV/AIDS cases among the ≥50 age demographic compared to the 15-49 age group. In 2022, significant statistical differences were observed between males and females in both age cohorts with respect to education, marital status, occupation, mode of transmission, location of diagnosis, and region. Conclusions: The observed trend of a rising proportion of HIV/AIDS cases in individuals aged 50 years and older necessitates heightened attention. It is imperative that we develop and implement interventions specifically designed to prevent and control the transmission of HIV within this demographic.

Hidden-information extraction from layered structures through terahertz imaging down to ultralow SNR.

Noninvasive inspection of layered structures has remained a long-standing challenge for time-resolved imaging techniques, where both resolution and contrast are compromised by prominent signal attenuation, interlayer reflections, and dispersion. Our method based on terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy overcomes these limitations by offering fine resolution and a broadband spectrum to efficiently extract hidden structural and content information from layered structures. We exploit local symmetrical characteristics of reflected THz pulses to determine the location of each layer, and apply a statistical process in the spatiotemporal domain to enhance the image contrast. Its superior performance is evidenced by the extraction of alphabetic characters in 26-layer subwavelength papers as well as layer reconstruction and debonding inspection in the conservation of Terra-Cotta Warriors. Our method enables accurate structure reconstruction and high-contrast imaging of layered structures at ultralow signal-to-noise ratio, which holds great potential for internal inspection of cultural artifacts, electronic components, coatings, and composites with dozens of submillimeter layers.

Change of sexual behavior among men who have sex with men before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic in China: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 epidemic control and prevention strategies affected people's sexual activities and behaviors. Little was known about long-term effects of COVID-19 prevention and control strategies on sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to examine changes in risky sexual behaviors of MSM before and after the local epidemic. METHODS: An online survey was conducted nationwide from June 1 to June 10, 2022. MSM aged 16 years and above, residing in China were recruited through convenience sampling. A generalized estimating equation model with modified Poisson regression was used to analyze changes in multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, mobility for sexual activity, and recreational substance use before and after the local epidemic. RESULTS: Compared to the pre-pandemic (36.5%), the prevalence of multiple sexual partners (11.5%) significantly decreased during the local epidemic and then increased after the local epidemic (25.2%) but remained lower than pre-pandemic, as did the prevalence of unprotected sex (31.1%, 19.4%, and 26.1%), mobility for sexual activity (7.5%, 2.8%, and 4.1%) and recreational substance use (47.7%, 27.2%, and 39.5%). Compared to the pre-pandemic, higher declines in the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors during the local epidemic existed among MSM living without a regular partner (44% decrease in unprotected sex and 46% in recreational substance use), with a bachelor's degree and above (70% decrease in multiple sex partners, 39% in unprotected sex, 67% in mobility for sexual activity and 44% in recreational substance use), higher incomes (70% decrease in multiple sex partners), self-identified gay or bisexual/unsure (38-71%), and HIV infection (49-83% decrease respectively in these four indicators). After the local epidemic, the declines in the above indicators compared to the pre-pandemic were correspondingly. And higher declines existed among MSM living without a regular partner (8% decrease in unprotected sex and 13% in recreational substance use), with a bachelor's degree and above (33% decrease in multiple sex partners), higher incomes (55% decrease in mobility for sexual activity), self-identified gay (51% decrease in mobility for sexual activity), and HIV infection (32%, 68%, 24% decrease respectively in unprotected sex, mobility for sexual activity and recreational substance use). CONCLUSIONS: Risky sexual behaviors reduced considerably during the local epidemic, then seemed rebounded after the outbreak but wouldn't return to pre-pandemic levels. More attention should be paid to vulnerable people with lower socio-economic status, HIV-positive, and sexual minorities for sustained HIV and COVID-19 prevention.

Aberrant LYZ expression in tumor cells serves as the potential biomarker and target for HCC and promotes tumor progression via csGRP78.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) takes the predominant malignancy of hepatocytes with bleak outcomes owing to high heterogeneity among patients. Personalized treatments based on molecular profiles will better improve patients' prognosis. Lysozyme (LYZ), a secretory protein with antibacterial function generally expressed in monocytes/macrophages, has been observed for the prognostic implications in different types of tumors. However, studies about the explicit applicative scenarios and mechanisms for tumor progression are still quite limited, especially for HCC. Here, based on the proteomic molecular classification data of early-stage HCC, we revealed that the LYZ level was elevated significantly in the most malignant HCC subtype and could serve as an independent prognostic predictor for HCC patients. Molecular profiles of LYZ-high HCCs were typical of those for the most malignant HCC subtype, with impaired metabolism, along with promoted proliferation and metastasis characteristics. Further studies demonstrated that LYZ tended to be aberrantly expressed in poorly differentiated HCC cells, which was regulated by STAT3 activation. LYZ promoted HCC proliferation and migration in both autocrine and paracrine manners independent of the muramidase activity through the activation of downstream protumoral signaling pathways via cell surface GRP78. Subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumor models indicated that targeting LYZ inhibited HCC growth markedly in NOD/SCID mice. These results propose LYZ as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the subclass of HCC with an aggressive phenotype.

Treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Reducing the prevalence of treatment failure among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is crucial for improving individual health and reducing disease burden. This study aimed to assess existing evidence on treatment failure and its associated factors among PLHIV in mainland China. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WanFang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and SinoMed databases. Relevant studies on treatment failure among PLHIV in mainland China until September 2022 were searched, including cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. The primary outcome was treatment failure, and secondary outcomes were the potential influencing factors of treatment failure. We performed a meta-analysis to pool each outcome of interest, including meta-regression, subgroup, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: A total of 81 studies were deemed eligible and included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled treatment failure prevalence among PLHIV in mainland China was 14.40% (95% confidence interval [CI]:12.30-16.63), of which the virological and immunological failure prevalence was 10.53% (95%CI:8.51-12.74) and 18.75% (95%CI:15.44-22.06), respectively. The treatment failure prevalence before and after 2016 was 18.96% (95%CI:13.84-24.67) and 13.19% (95%CI:10.91-15.64). Factors associated with treatment failure included good treatment adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.36, 95%CI:0.26-0.51), baseline CD4 counts>200 cells/µL (OR = 0.39, 95%CI:0.21-0.75), HAART regimens containing Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) (OR = 0.70, 95%CI:0.54-0.92), WHO clinical stage III/IV (OR = 2.02, 95%CI:1.14-3.59) and age≥40 years (OR = 1.56, 95%CI:1.23-1.97). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of treatment failure among PLHIV receiving HAART in mainland China was low and tended to decline. Poor adherence, low baseline CD4 count, HAART regimens without TDF, advanced clinical stage, and old age were contributing factors for treatment failure. Relevant intervention programs are needed with increasing treatment adherence through behavioral intervention or precise intervention targeting older adults.

Molecular features and predictive models identify the most lethal subtype and a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. The existing treatment regimens remained essentially unchanged over the past 30 years; hence the prognosis has plateaued at a poor level. Precise and personalized therapy is yet to be exploited. Methods: One discovery cohort (n=98) and two validation cohorts (n=53 & n=48) were collected from public data sources. We performed a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method on the discovery cohort to stratify osteosarcoma. Survival analysis and transcriptomic profiling characterized each subtype. Then, a drug target was screened based on subtypes' features and hazard ratios. We also used specific siRNAs and added a cholesterol pathway inhibitor to osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS and Saos-2) to verify the target. Moreover, PermFIT and ProMS, two support vector machine (SVM) tools, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, were employed to establish predictive models. Results: We herein divided osteosarcoma patients into four subtypes (S-I ~ S-IV). Patients of S- I were found probable to live longer. S-II was characterized by the highest immune infiltration. Cancer cells proliferated most in S-III. Notably, S-IV held the most unfavorable outcome and active cholesterol metabolism. SQLE, a rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, was identified as a potential drug target for S-IV patients. This finding was further validated in two external independent osteosarcoma cohorts. The function of SQLE to promote proliferation and migration was confirmed by cell phenotypic assays after the specific gene knockdown or addition of terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE. We further employed two machine learning tools based on SVM algorithms to develop a subtype diagnostic model and used the LASSO method to establish a 4-gene model for predicting prognosis. These two models were also verified in a validation cohort. Conclusion: The molecular classification enhanced our understanding of osteosarcoma; the novel predicting models served as robust prognostic biomarkers; the therapeutic target SQLE opened a new way for treatment. Our results served as valuable hints for future biological studies and clinical trials of osteosarcoma.

Excess mortality and associated factors among people living with HIV initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in Luzhou, China 2006-2020.

BACKGROUND: To estimate crude mortality, excess mortality, and standardized mortality rates (SMR) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Luzhou, China 2006-2020, and assess associated factors. METHODS: PLHIV initiating HAART in the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System (CRIMS) in Luzhou, China 2006-2020 were included in the retrospective cohort study. The crude mortality, excess mortality, and SMR were estimated. Multivariable Poisson regression model was used for analyzing risk factors associated with excess mortality rates. RESULTS: The median age among 11,468 PLHIV initiating HAART was 54.5 years (IQR:43.1-65.2). The excess mortality rate decreased from 1.8 deaths/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.4-2.4) in 2006-2011 to 0.8 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:0.7-0.9) in 2016-2020. SMR decreased from 5.4 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:4.3-6.8) to 1.7 deaths/100 person-years (95%CI:1.5-1.8). Males had greater excess mortality with the eHR of 1.6 (95%CI:1.2-2.1) than females. PLHIV with CD4 counts ≥ 500 cells/µL had the eHR of 0.3 (95%CI:0.2-0.5) in comparison to those with CD4 counts < 200 cells/µL. PLHIV with WHO clinical stages III/IV had greater excess mortality with the eHR of 1.4 (95%CI:1.1-1.8). PLHIV with time from diagnosis to HAART initiation ≤ 3 months had the eHR of 0.7 (95%CI:0.5-0.9) compared to those with time ≥ 12 months. PLHIV with initial HAART regimens unchanged and viral suppression had the eHR of 1.9 (95%CI:1.4-2.6) and 0.1 (95%CI:0.0-0.1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The excess mortality and SMR among PLHIV initiating HAART in Luzhou, China decreased substantially from 2006 to 2020, but the mortality rate among PLHIV was still higher than general population. PLHIV who were male, with baseline CD4 counts less than 200 cells/µL, WHO clinical stages III/IV, time from diagnosis to HAART initiation ≥ 12 months, initial HAART regimens unchanged, and virological failure had a greater risk of excess deaths. Early and efficient HAART would be significant in reducing excess mortality among PLHIV.

Sexual Behavior and Perceived Loneliness in Elderly People Living with HIV in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of elderly people living with HIV (PLHIV) is increasing in China. To advance targeted interventions and substantially improve their quality of life, we investigate indicators of loneliness and sexual behavior among elderly PLHIV in 10 districts/counties in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The demographic information and laboratory test results of the potential respondents were initially collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling was used. The questionnaire survey was individually provided to all PLHIV aged +60. RESULTS: We recruited 1017 valid respondents with a median age of 66 years (interquartile range of 63-71), of which 776 (76.3%) were male. Overall, 341 respondents (33.5%) lived alone, and 304 (29.9%) felt lonely. A total of 726 respondents (71.4%) informed others of their HIV diagnosis. Among the 726 respondents, children were the most common group with whom the older people shared their HIV infection status, accounting for 82.9%. Approximately 20% of the older PLHIV engaged in sexual behavior in the last year, and 70% reported not using condoms. A significantly greater risk of loneliness was found among the females (AOR = 1.542, CI: 1.084, 2.193), those who suffered discrimination from informed people (AOR = 4.719, CI: 2.986, 7.459), were diagnosed <1 year prior (AOR = 2.061, CI: 1.345, 3.156), those living alone (AOR = 2.314, CI: 1.632, 3.280), those having no friends (AOR = 1.779, CI: 1.327, 2.386), and those who had a divorced or widowed marital status (AOR = 1.686, CI: 1.174, 2.421). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with non-lonely participants, the lonely participants were more likely to have a rural registered residence, a lower education level, no friends, be divorced or widowed, live alone, and lack knowledge of smartphones and reproductive health. The influence of COVID-19 had caused social activities to be more confined to the community, which impacts elderly HIV patients suffering from severe discrimination within families and communities.

Conserved paradoxical relationships among the evolutionary, structural and expressional features of KRAB zinc-finger proteins reveal their special functional characteristics.

BACKGROUND: One striking feature of the large KRAB domain-containing zinc finger protein (KZFP) family is its rapid evolution, leading to hundreds of member genes with various origination time in a certain mammalian genome. However, a comprehensive genome-wide and across-taxa analysis of the structural and expressional features of KZFPs with different origination time is lacking. This type of analysis will provide valuable clues about the functional characteristics of this special family. RESULTS: In this study, we found several conserved paradoxical phenomena about this issue. 1) Ordinary young domains/proteins tend to be disordered, but most of KRAB domains are completely structured in 64 representative species across the superclass of Sarcopterygii and most of KZFPs are also highly structured, indicating their rigid and unique structural and functional characteristics; as exceptions, old-zinc-finger-containing KZFPs have relatively disordered KRAB domains and linker regions, contributing to diverse interacting partners and functions. 2) In general, young or highly structured proteins tend to be spatiotemporal specific and have low abundance. However, by integrated analysis of 29 RNA-seq datasets, including 725 samples across early embryonic development, embryonic stem cell differentiation, embryonic and adult organs, tissues in 7 mammals, we found that KZFPs tend to express ubiquitously with medium abundance regardless of evolutionary age and structural disorder degree, indicating the wide functional requirements of KZFPs in various states. 3) Clustering and correlation analysis reveal that there are differential expression patterns across different spatiotemporal states, suggesting the specific-high-expression KZFPs may play important roles in the corresponding states. In particular, part of young-zinc-finger-containing KZFPs are highly expressed in early embryonic development and ESCs differentiation into endoderm or mesoderm. Co-expression analysis revealed that young-zinc-finger-containing KZFPs are significantly enriched in five co-expression modules. Among them, one module, including 13 young-zinc-finger-containing KZFPs, showed an 'early-high and late-low' expression pattern. Further functional analysis revealed that they may function in early embryonic development and ESC differentiation via participating in cell cycle related processes. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the conserved and special structural, expressional features of KZFPs, providing new clues about their functional characteristics and potential causes of their rapid evolution.

Topographic distribution features of the choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Chinese school-aged children.

AIM: To explore the topographic distribution features of choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and determine the relationship between CT and ocular parameters in school-aged children. METHODS: The healthy school-aged children with low ametropia or emmetropia in Wenzhou were recruited for this cross-sectional study. With high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) combined with MATLAB software, the CT and RNFLT values in the macular area were measured at different locations and compared. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between CT and ophthalmic parameters, such as spherical equivalent (SE) and the axial length (AL). RESULTS: A total of 279 school-aged children with 8.00±1.35 years of mean age (range, 6-10y) were included. The mean AL was 23.66±0.86 mm. The mean CT in CT-C (264.31±48.93 µm) was thicker than that in CT-N1 (249.54±50.52 µm), and the average CT in the parafoveal region was also thicker than that in CT-N2 (235.65±50.63 µm). The subfoveal CT also varied substantially across refractive errors (P<0.001), and those with myopia (250.59±47.01 µm) exhibited a thinner choroid compared with those with emmetropia (278.74±48.06 µm). CT negatively correlated with AL (y=-21.72x+779.17; R 2=0.1458), and positively correlated with SE (y=15.76x+271.9; R 2=0.0727, OD; y=18.31x+269.8; R 2=0.1007, OS). The average RNFLT was thickest in the peripapillary region (236.35±19.03 µm), the mean RNFLT-S (131.10±15.16 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-I (128.20±16.59 µm), and the mean RNFLT-T (76.54±11.99 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-N (64.28±8.55 µm). The variations in the RNFLT between quadrants did differ between those with myopia and emmetropia (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We establish demographic information for the choroid and RNFLT. These findings provide information that should be considered in future analyses of the CT and RNFLT in OCT studies in school-aged children.

Topographic distribution features of the choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Wenzhou school-aged children.

AIM: To explore the topographic distribution features of choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and determine the relationship between CT and ocular parameters in school-aged children. METHODS: The healthy school-aged children with low myopia or emmetropia in Wenzhou were recruited for this cross-sectional study. With high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) combined with MATLAB software, the CT and RNFLT values in the macular area were measured at different locations and compared. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between CT and ophthalmic parameters, such as spherical equivalent (SE) and the axial length (AL). RESULTS: A total of 279 school-aged children with 8.00±1.35 years of mean age (range, 6-10y) were included. The mean AL was 23.66±0.86 mm. The mean CT in CT-C (264.31±48.93 µm) was thicker than that in CT-N1 (249.54±50.52 µm), and the average CT in the parafoveal region was also thicker than that in CT-N2 (235.65±50.63 µm). The subfoveal CT also varied substantially across refractive errors (P<0.001), and those with myopia (250.59±47.01 µm) exhibited a thinner choroid compared with those with emmetropia (278.74±48.06 µm). CT positively correlated with AL (y=11.12x-4.15; R 2=0.18), and positively correlated with SE (y=90.07x+17.916; R 2=14.2). The average RNFLT was thickest in the peripapillary region (236.35±19.03 µm), the mean RNFLT-S (131.10±15.16 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-I (128.20±16.59 µm), and the mean RNFLT-T (76.54±11.99 µm) was thicker than the RNFLT-N (64.28±8.55 µm). The variations in the RNFLT between quadrants did differ between those with myopia and emmetropia (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We establish demographic information for the choroid and RNFLT. These findings provide information that should be considered in future analyses of the CT and RNFLT in OCT studies in school-aged children.