[Cases discussed of crisis management].

Everything undergoes structural shifts from day to day. Any kind of change can become not only a distinguishing feature, but also a source of crisis. The only way to respond to this is to maintain crisis awareness, since crises can develop faster than we imagine. Sound preparation for any manager should therefore involve planning to deal with a crisis that might arise at any time. A crisis could be a turning point for a positive form of change; this will depend on maturity of attitude and sound familiarity with the four stages of crisis management. In each stage, we should consider whether urgent and rapid action might truly create a positive opportunity, or actually make the situation worse. This article discusses the cost of errors in crisis management and the benefits of prompt, positive action in relation to the different examples established by four well-known cases. It is hoped that these will benefit nursing managers by improving crisis management skills in clinical practice.

[Physiological changes and related nursing care issues during hunger strike].

The use of hunger strike as a tool to assert grievances has been around for ages and has occasionally happened in the world. Hunger strikers' motives may differ, but their tool is the same--the voluntary refusal of food. Fasting not only results in body weight loss, but also in physiological and neurological function changes, and, of course, it may even threaten life. The health care of hunger strikers is complex. It involves medical staff, medical ethics and guidance for the management of the hunger strikers. Improper medical management may not only undermine the hunger striker's dignity but also risk further damage to his or her health. By understanding hunger strikers' physiological changes and related ethical issues, therefore, we aim to identify appropriate forms of nursing care management and guidance for the care of hunger strikers.

[Nursing care in the conduct of alveolar lavage].

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease reported to affect adults between the ages of 20 and 50, in a male:female ratio of 2-3:1. Alveolar lavage is the most effective proven treatment. This article introduces PAP, alveolar lavage and nursing intervention in preparation, during, and after the procedure, and home care. We hope this article can provide new information on the nursing care necessary for patients with PAP.