Development of a commercial cigarette "market map" comparison methodology for evaluating new or non-conventional cigarettes.

A "market map" comparison methodology for cigarette smoke chemistry yields is presented. Federal Trade Commission machine-method smoke chemistry was determined for a range of filtered cigarettes from the US marketplace. These data were used to develop illustrative market maps for each smoke constituent as analytical tools for comparing new or non-conventional cigarettes to a sampling of the broader range of marketplace cigarettes. Each market map contained best-estimate "market-means," showing the relationship between commercial cigarette constituent and tar yields, and yield "market ranges" defined by prediction intervals. These market map means and ranges are the basis for comparing new cigarette smoke yields to those of conventional cigarettes. The potential utility of market maps for evaluating differences in smoke chemistry was demonstrated with 1R4F and 2R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes, an Accord cigarette, and an Advance cigarette. Conventional cigarette tobacco nicotine, nitrate, soluble ammonia, and tobacco specific nitrosamine levels are reported. Differences among conventional cigarette constituent yields at similar tar levels were explained in part by the chemical composition range of those cigarette tobaccos. The study also included a comparison of smoke constituent yields and in vitro smoke cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assay results for the 1R4F Kentucky reference cigarette and its replacement 2R4F. Significant smoke yield differences were noted for lead, NNK, and NNN. The majority of their smoke constituent yields were within the market range developed from the sampled conventional cigarettes. Within the sensitivity and specificity of the in vitro bioassays used, smoke toxic activity differences for the two reference cigarettes were not statistically significant. These results add to the limited information available for the 2R4F reference cigarette.

Mainstream smoke constituent yields and predicting relationships from a worldwide market sample of cigarette brands: ISO smoking conditions.

The study objective is evaluation of a benchmark approach for predicting mainstream smoke constituent machine-yields for conventional cigarette brands from worldwide markets. Results for ISO smoke yields support the validity of benchmarking when brands, for which yields are to be predicted, have design characteristics within boundaries established by the exploratory brands. Yields of ISO-method mainstream smoke constituents were generally well described by weighted least squares regression relationships with ISO tar (R2>0.80 and coefficient p values <0.05). The impact of the varied chemical composition of cigarette tobaccos from different regions on smoke constituent yields was recognized. Mainstream smoke nitrogen oxides and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) yield prediction relationships improved by including tobacco nitrate or TSNA concentration factors in respective independent parameters. For carbon-filter brands, inclusion of a carbon factor improved the predicting relationships for several vapor-phase constituents. Relationships were validated with a subset of additional validation brands. Greater than 90% of the validation brands' smoke chemistry yields were within the 95% prediction intervals. Average differences between measured and predicted yields were generally within the range of one to two measurement standard deviations. The estimation methods proposed relate to machine-smoking conditions and are not intended to reflect the actual exposure of any given consumer to smoke constituents.

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Eperythrozoon suis antibodies in swine.

An ELISA was developed and tested to detect antibodies to Eperythrozoon suis in swine. Results were compared with those of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Antigen isolated from swine heavily infected with E suis was used for both tests. Comparison of the ELISA with the IHA test revealed a significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between results. Of 114 samples obtained from 9 swine infected with E suis, 87.7% were seropositive (titer greater than or equal to 200) via the ELISA, and 80.7% were seropositive (titer greater than or equal to 20) via the IHA test. The sensitivity of the ELISA was greater than that of the IHA test. All blood samples obtained from specific-pathogen-free swine tested negative for E suis antibody. Cross-reactions were not observed between E suis antigen and antisera against various swine and cattle disease agents using ELISA. We concluded that the ELISA may be used for rapid and effective diagnosis of infection with E suis in swine.

Needle tract implantation of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid following aspiration biopsy.

A case is reported of a slow-growing papillary carcinoma of the thyroid that caused clinically apparent implantation along the tract of a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. This appears to be the first report of a cutaneous needle tract metastasis from a papillary thyroid carcinoma. It represents a highly unusual complication of an FNA biopsy of an indolent, slow-growing tumor.

Inhibition of endogenous lactate turnover with lactate infusion in humans.

The extent to which lactate infusion may inhibit endogenous lactate production, though previously considered, has never been critically assessed. To examine this proposition, single injection tracer methodology (U-14C Lactate) has been used for the estimation of lactate kinetics in 12 human subjects under basal conditions and with the infusion of sodium lactate. The basal rate of lactate turnover was measured on a day before the study with lactate infusion, and averaged 63.7 + 5.5 mg/kg/h. Six of these individuals received a stable lactate infusion at an approximate rate of 160 mg/kg/h, while the remaining six individuals were infused at the approximate rate of 100 mg/kg/h. It has been found that stable lactate infused at rates approximating 160 mg/kg/h consistently produced a complete inhibition of endogenous lactate production. Infusion of lactate at 100 mg/kg/h caused a lesser and more variable inhibition of endogenous lactate production (12% to 64%). In conclusion, lactate infusion significantly inhibits endogenous lactate production.

Use of hyperimmune serum, vaccination, and certain management procedures for control of pseudorabies in swine.

A program involving use of hyperimmune serum, vaccination, and certain management procedures for the control of pseudorabies was evaluated on several farms on which the disease was enzootic. Neonatal mortality and reproductive failures on farms utilizing the program were compared with death losses and reproductive failures on farms not utilizing the program. The reduction in preweaning mortality and reproductive failures between the treated and nontreated groups were 42.1% and 39.6%, respectively.

Rapid localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous catheterization and parathyroid hormone bioassay.

Selective venous catheterization with parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay has been used effectively to localize parathyroid tumors in patients who have previously had failed parathyroid operations. We have analyzed our experience comparing radioimmunoassay and bioassay of parathyroid hormone for localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous sampling. The bioassay, which uses a guanyl nucleotide-amplified adenylate cyclase assay with canine renal plasma membranes, localized the tumors in six of nine patients who had previously undergone neck operations. The radioimmunoassay localized the tumors in eight of the nine patients. The advantage of the bioassay is that it requires only 50 microliter serum per per sample and 1 day of assay time compared with the radioimmunoassay, which requires 700 microliter serum per sample and 7 days of assay time. The bioassay may be important in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism who require an urgent operation.

Tiamulin feed medication for the maintenance of weight gains in the presence of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine.

Tiamulin, a semisynthetic antibiotic, was fed to growing pigs and its value in maintaining weight gain and feed efficiency in the face of mycoplasmal pneumonia was determined. Four treatments divided among 64 growing pigs from a conventional pig farm were used to test the effects of tiamulin administered in feed at levels of 10, 20 and 30 ppm. All pigs were artificially infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Medication was started on the 14th day after infection (d 0) and continued for 28 d (d 0 to 28). Pigs were continued on test for an additional 14-d period for further observation (d 28 to 42) after the medicated feed was withdrawn. Tiamulin fed at 10, 20 and 30 ppm for 28 d did not cure the mycoplasmal pneumonia. The effect of tiamulin on growth performance was not the same for all periods. During the medication period (d 0 to 28), both daily gain and feed conversion were not significantly affected by dietary tiamulin concentrations. For the post-treatment period (d 28 to 42), tiamulin improved daily gain (P less than .05) and feed conversion (P less than .05) over those of nonmedicated controls, and the responses of both daily gain and feed efficiency increased linearly (P less than .05) as dietary tiamulin levels increased.

Isolation, serotyping and drug resistance of salmonellae in scouring pigs in Taiwan.

The incidence of salmonellae in scouring pigs (from 6 to 16 weeks of age) in Taiwan was investigated by means of rectal swab survey and a study of necropsy pigs. The rectal swab survey revealed salmonellae in 62 (9.5%) of 655 scouring feeder pigs. Salmonellae isolates belonged to 10 different serotypes. Of these, S. typhimurium was the serotype most frequently isolated (41.5%) and the second one was S. panama (10.8). Of 69 samples of internal organs from the feeder pigs died of scouring and septicemia examined, 33 (47.8%) yielded salmonellae which belonged to 6 different serotypes. Of these, S. choleraesuis was the most common serotype (42.4%) and S. typhimurium appeared to be the second (36.4%). However, salmonellae were not isolated from the rectal swabs of suckling pigs and the sows nursing those baby pigs. Of 98 salmonellae isolates examined for drug susceptibility, 94 (95.5%) were resistant to two or more drugs, and 50 (53.2%) were resistant to more than five drugs. The percentage of isolates (all serotypes) resistant to the individual drugs was as follows: 95.9% to sulfathiazole (1.0 mg), 89.8% to tetracycline (30 ug), 76.5% to streptomycin (10 ug), 56.1% to kanamycin (30 ug), 53.1% to chloramphenicol (30 ug), and 45.9% to ampicillin (10 ug). However, all of the salmonellae isolates were sensitive to colistin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Results pertaining to the resistance of S. typhimurium and other serotypes to the six individual drugs are given separately.

Ovarian hemangioma in swine.

Eighteen (3.9%) ovarian hemangiomas were diagnosed in a survey of reproductive disorders in 460 sows from two to eight years of age during a three-year study. Ovarian hemangiomas only were observed in sows aged over 30 months, and no such neoplasms were found in 42 gilts. The incidence of ovarian hemangioma was highest at five to eight years of age. Of the 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma, one was purebred and 17 were crossbred pigs; of these, twelve had farrowed 12 to 15 litters, four had farrowed six to 11 litters and two had farrowed three litters. All 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma had one or more clinical signs related to reproductive disorders including small litter size, agalactia, fertilization failure, fetal death, silent estrus, anestrus, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathological features of the neoplasms in sows were similar to those described previously in swine and in man. Spontaneous ovarian hemangioma might provide a model for investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian hemangioma in man.

congenital heart diseases in swine.

One hundred twenty-two congenital cardiac anomalies were diagnosed in 83 pigs (4.35%) during necropsies of 1906 pigs from one day to four years of age during an 11-month period. The incidence of cardiac malformation was higher at 29 to 56 days of age. Of the 83 pigs with cardiac anomalies, 47 (56%) were male and 36 (44%) were female, and of these, 15 (18%) were purebred and 68 (82%) were crossbred pigs. Of the 15 purebred pigs with cardiac malformation, there were seven Landrace pigs, four Large White pigs, three Duroc Jersey pigs, and one Yorkshire pig; whereas 94% of the 68 crossbred pigs were crossbred among Landrace, Duroc Jersey, and Large White. The 122 cardiac anomalies found in the 83 pigs were: dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in 42 pigs, atrial septal defect in 31 pigs, subaortic stenosis in 22 pigs, ventricular septal defect in nine pigs, persistent common atrioventricular canal in eight pigs, malformation of the moderator band in seven pigs, persistent vena cava in one pig, persistent truncus arteriosus in one pig, and pulmonary stenosis in one pig. The pathological features of the anomalies in swine were similar to those described in small animals and in man. The findings indicate that spontaneous porcine cardiac anomalies might provide models for cardiovascular investigators to study the etiology and pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases in man and other animals.

Placental lesions caused by pseudorabies virus in pregnant sows.

Pathologic and viral investigations were done on 13 fetal placentas and 23 aborted fetuses associated with naturally occurring pseudorabies in swine. Of the 13 fetal placentas examined, 7 (53.8%) had various degrees of necrotizing placentitis. The lesions were characterized by coagulative necrosis of the chorionic fossae and by intranuclear inclusions in degenerating trophoblasts and occasionally in mesenchymal cells. In addition, a mild inflammatory cell reaction was observed in the mesenchyma. Numerous viral particles, ultrastructurally indistinguishable from herpesvirus, were observed by electron microscopy in the affected chorionic membrane. Large aggregates of herpesvirus virions were demonstrated in the nucleus and cytoplasm of degenerated trophoblasts and mesenchymal cells. Of the 23 aborted fetuses examined, 22 (95.6%) had typical coagulative necrosis in the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and visceral lymph nodes. Inclusions similar to those in the chorionic placenta were observed in the parenchymal cells of those organs, on the margins of necrotic areas. Pseudorabies virus was isolated from various organs of the aborted fetuses, but virus isolation from the placentas was not attempted. In a survey of 52 affected sows, sera from 49 (94.2%) neutralized the isolated virus. The findings indicated that the placental lesions caused by the virus were primary. The study also indicated the merit of routine examination of aborted fetal placentas and fetuses for diagnosis of pseudorabies.

Lead inclusion bodies in osteoclasts.

Inclusion bodies occur frequently in the nuclei and rarely in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts in pigs with experimental lead poisoning. The light and electron microscope pictures of undemineralized sections are similar to those described for liver cord cells and renal tubular cells.