Polo-like kinase 1 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic factor for various human malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The overexpression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) has been found in a broad spectrum of human tumors, making it an attractive prognostic tumor biomarker. Nowadays, PLK-1 is considered a cancer therapeutic target with clinical therapeutic value. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the prognostic and therapeutic value of PLK-1 in different malignant neoplasms. Methods: A systematic literature search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases was conducted between December 2018 and September 2022. In total, 41 published studies were screened, comprising 5,301 patients. We calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95%CIs for the clinical parameters of patients included in these studies, as well as the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% CIs for 5-year overall survival (OS). Results: Our analysis included 41 eligible studies, representing a total of 5,301 patients. The results showed that overexpression of PLK-1 was significantly associated with poor OS (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.18-2.08) and inferior 5-year disease-free survival/relapse-free survival ((HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.47-2.44). The pooled analysis showed that PLK-1 overexpression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, histological grade, clinical stages (p < 0.001 respectively), and tumor grade (p < 0.001). In digestive system neoplasms, PLK-1 overexpression was significantly associated with histopathological classification, primary tumor grade, histological grade, and clinical stages (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). In breast cancer, PLK-1 was significantly associated with 5-year overall survival, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively). In the female reproductive system, PLK-1 was significantly associated with clinical stage (p = 0.011). In the respiratory system, PLK-1 was significantly associated with clinical stage (p = 0.021). Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that high PLK-1 expression is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis in malignant neoplasms. Therefore, PLK-1 may be a clinically valuable target for cancer treatment.

SYT-SSX1 enhances the invasiveness and maintains stem-like cell properties in synovial sarcoma via induction of TGF-ß1/Smad signaling.

BACKGROUND: Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of undetermined tissue origin, which is characterized by the recurrent pathognomonic chromosomal translocation t (X;18)(p11.2; q11.2). Studies have shown that SS is a malignant tumor originating from cancer stem cells or pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells and may be related to fusion genes. In addition, some studies have indicated that the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway leads to SS metastasis. METHODS: We analyzed the effects of SYT-SSX1 on the stemness of SS cells via TGF-ß1/Smad signaling in vitro. The SYT-SSX1 fusion gene high expression cell was constructed by lentiviral stable transfer technology. SYT-SSX1 and SW982 cells were cultured and tested for sphere-forming ability. The transwell migration assay and flow cytometry were used to assess the migration ability of the sphere cells as well as the expression of CSC-related markers. We treated SYT-SSX1 cells with rhTGF-ß1 (a recombinant agent of the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway) and SB431542 and observed morphological changes. A CCK-8 experiment and a western blot (WB) experiment were conducted to detect the expression of TGF-ß1 signaling pathway- and EMT-related proteins after treatment. The SYT-SSX1 cells were then cultured and their ability to form spheres was tested. Flow cytometry, WB, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of CSC surface markers on SYT-SSX1 sphere cells. RESULTS: It was found that SYT-SSX1 has stronger sphere-forming ability, migration ability, and higher expression of CSC-related molecules than SW982 cells. Through treating SYT-SSX1 and SW982 cells with rhTGF-ß1 and SB431542, we found that TGF-ß1 enhanced the proliferation of cells, induced EMT, and that TGF-ß1 enhanced the characteristics of tumor stem cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SYT-SSX1 enhances invasiveness and maintains stemness in SS cells via TGF-ß1/Smad signaling. These findings reveal an effective way to potentially improve the prognosis of patients with SS by eliminating the characteristics of cancer stem cells (CSCs) during treatment.

Cytokine-induced killer cells/dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis was designed to systematically evaluate whether autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can improve the therapeutic effect and safety of chemotherapy in esophageal cancer (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were electronically searched databases including CNKI, WanFang, WeiPu, CBMDisc, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials. The databases were searched for articles published until June 2019. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (1416 participants) were included. The differences between CIK/DC-CIK combination chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone were significant. The results displayed that the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK cells was significantly increased after 1 to 2 weeks of treatment with CIK/DC-CIK cells in the treatment group (all P < .05). In addition, the results shown that 1-year overall survival was significantly prolonged (P < .0001) and quality of life was improved (P = .001) in EC chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy groups compared with conventional treatment. Furthermore, cytokine expression levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were significantly increased (P = .0003) as well as the levels of immunoglobulins were elevated (P < .00001). Serum levels of tumor marker molecules, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA)-199, and CA-125 were lower in treatment groups than that of control groups (P < .00001). No fatal adverse reactions were noted (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: It is safe and effective for patients to use chemotherapy combined with CIK/DC-CIK immunotherapy. Immunotherapy can simultaneously improve the antitumor immune response. Specifically, DC-CIK cells can increase T lymphocyte subsets, CIK cells, NK cells, and immunoglobulins in peripheral blood to enhance antitumor immunity. Therefore, combination therapy enhances the immune function and improves the therapeutic efficacy of patients with EC.

Immune Infiltration in Gastric Cancer Microenvironment and Its Clinical Significance.

Immunotherapy has developed rapidly and has gradually become one of the important methods for treatment of gastric cancer (GC). The research on tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and immune-related genes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly encourages the development of immunotherapy. The devolution algorithm (CIBERSORT) was applied to infer the proportion of 22 TIICs based on gene expression profiles of GC tissues, which were downloaded from TCGA and GEO. TCGA was utilized to analyze the differential expression of immune-related genes, and explore the potential molecular functions of these genes. We have observed the enrichment of multiple TIICs in microenvironment of GC. Some of these cells were closely related to tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), Fuhrman grade, and TNM staging. Survival analysis showed that the infiltration level of CD8+ T cells, activated CD4+ memory T cells and M2 macrophages were significantly related to the prognosis of GC patients. The functional enrichment analysis of immune-related genes revealed that these genes were mainly associated with cytokine activation and response. Four significant modules were screened by PPI network and 20 key genes were screened from the modules. The expression levels of CALCR and PTH1R are strikingly related to the expression of immune checkpoint and the prognosis of GC patients. The type and number of TIICs in microenvironment of GC, as well as immune-related genes are closely related to tumor progression, and can be used as important indicators for patient prognosis assessment.

Distribution and prognostic impact of M1 macrophage on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Macrophages are a double-edged sword with potential cancer-promoting and anticancer effects. Controversy remains regarding the effect of macrophages, especially M1 macrophages, on tumor promotion and suppression. We aimed to investigate the role of M1 macrophages in the occurrence and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Analyzing the data in Gene Expression Omnibus database by the CIBERSORT algorithm found that M1 macrophages were one of the important components of many immune cells in ESCCs, and the increase in their number was obviously negatively correlated with tumor T staging. This result was verified by our experimental data: the density of CD68/HLA-DR double-stained M1 macrophages in ESCC tumor nest and tumor stroma was significantly higher than that in cancer-adjacent normal (CAN) tissues. The density of M1 macrophages in ESCC tumor nest was negatively correlated with the patient's lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P < 0.05), and the negative tendency was more obvious for M1 macrophages in ESCC tumor stroma (P < 0.001). Exposure to M1 macrophage-conditioned medium inhibited ESCC cell migration and invasion ability significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increased M1 macrophage density in ESCC tumor stroma correlated positively with good prognosis of ESCC. M1 macrophages were involved in inhibiting ESCC cell migration and invasion, which could serve as a good prognostic factor in patients with ESCC.

Tumor-associated macrophage polarization promotes the progression of esophageal carcinoma.

The immune response facilitated by tumor-associated macrophages is a vital determinant of tumor progression. We identified differentially expressed genes between various macrophage phenotypes in the Gene Expression Omnibus, and used Kaplan-Meier Plotter to determine which of them altered the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma patients. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), an immunosuppressive factor in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, was upregulated in M2 macrophages, and higher FGL2 expression was associated with poorer survival in esophageal carcinoma patients. Using the TIMER database, we found that FGL2 expression correlated positively with the levels of immune markers of infiltrating B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells in esophageal carcinoma samples. Correlation analyses in cBioPortal revealed that the mRNA levels of FGL2 correlated strongly with those of interleukin 10, matrix metalloproteinase 9, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3, interleukin 13, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor and fibroblast growth factor 7 in esophageal carcinoma tissues. The same cytokines were upregulated when esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells were co-cultured with M2-like tumor-associated macrophages. Thus, by secreting FGL2, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages may create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that induces the occurrence and progression of esophageal carcinoma.

Bioinformatics-based screening of key genes for transformation of liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver tumour, and is closely related to liver cirrhosis. Previous studies have focussed on the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis developing into HCC, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to identify key genes related to the transformation of cirrhosis into HCC, and explore the associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS: GSE89377, GSE17548, GSE63898 and GSE54236 mRNA microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were analysed to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and liver cirrhosis tissues, and network analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) was carried out. String and Cytoscape were used to analyse modules and identify hub genes, Kaplan-Meier Plotter and Oncomine databases were used to explore relationships between hub genes and disease occurrence, development and prognosis of HCC, and the molecular mechanism of the main hub gene was probed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis. RESULTS: In total, 58 DEGs were obtained, of which 12 and 46 were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Three hub genes (CDKN3, CYP2C9 and LCAT) were identified and associated prognostic information was obtained. CDKN3 may be correlated with the occurrence, invasion, and recurrence of HCC. Genes closely related to changes in the CDKN3 hub gene were screened, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGGs) pathway analysis identified numerous cell cycle-related genes. CONCLUSION: CDKN3 may affect the transformation of liver cirrhosis into HCC, and represents a new candidate molecular marker of the occurrence and progression of HCC.

Contributions and Prognostic Values of N6-Methyladenosine RNA Methylation Regulators in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The methylation at position N6 of adenine is called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). This transcriptional RNA modification exerts a very active and important role in RNA metabolism and in other biological processes. However, the activities of m6A associated with malignant liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) are unknown and are worthy of study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the data of University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), the expression of M6A methylation regulators in pan-cancer was evaluated as a screening approach to identify the association of M6A gene expression and 18 cancer types, with a specific focus on LIHC. LIHC datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to explore the expression of M6A methylation regulators and their clinical significance. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the underlying mechanism based on the evaluation of aberrant expression of m6A methylation regulators. RESULTS: The expression alterations of m6A-related genes varied across cancer types. In LIHC, we found that in univariate Cox regression analysis, up-regulated m6A modification regulators were associated with worse prognosis, except for ZC3H13. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis indicated that higher expression of methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METTL3) and YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1) genes related to the worse survival rate defined by disease-related survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), and disease-free interval (DFI). Up-regulated m6A methylation regulator group (cluster2) obtained by consensus clustering was associated with poor prognosis. A six-gene prognostic signature established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression algorithm performed better in the early (I + II; T1 + T2) stages than in the late (III + IV; T3 + T4) stages of LIHC. Using the gene signature, we constructed a risk score and found that it was an independent predictive factor for prognosis. Using GSEA, we identified processes involved in DNA damage repair and several biological processes associated with malignant tumors that were closely related to the high-risk group. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study identified several genes associated with m6A in LIHC, especially METTL3 and YTHDF1, and confirmed that a risk signature comprised of m6A-related genes was able to forecast prognosis.

Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder locally invading the liver and abdominal cavity: A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma (GBSCC) is a rare subtype of malignancy and accounts for only 2%-3% of gallbladder malignancies. Due to its rapid development, most patients with GBSCC initially present with an advanced stage of the disease and hence a poor prognosis. The clinicopathological and biological features of SCC remain to be fully elucidated, owing to its uncommon occurrence. The majority of currently available data only described individual case reports or series analyses of trivial cases. CASE SUMMARY: A 64-year-old man was admitted for progressively poor abdominal distension and pain. Liver computed tomography (CT) showed infiltration of gallbladder carcinoma into the adjacent liver, and enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The patient underwent radical cholecystectomy. Part of the mass was grey and soft, and the neoplastic section showed a purulent-necrotic lesion. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a moderately differentiated SCC. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong staining of the tumor for AE1/3 and CK5/6. Staining for CK19, CK7, and CAM5.2 was positive in the cytoplasm. Systemic chemotherapy was not administered because of the patient's poor physical condition. After five months, CT and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed multiple metastases in the liver and abdominal cavity. CONCLUSION: Squamous components of GBSCC may explain the complex biological behavior, and CD109 may be involved in the pathogenesis.

Serum proton NMR metabolomics analysis of human lung cancer following microwave ablation.

BACKGROUND: To find potential serum biomarkers of microwave ablation (MWA) for treatment of human lung cancer by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics analysis. METHODS: Serum specimens collected from 43 healthy individuals, 39 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 38 NSCLC patients treated with MWA, were subjected to 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, NSCLC patients showed significantly elevated serum levels of lactate, alanine, glutamate, proline, glycoprotein, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and markedly decreased serum levels of glucose, taurine, glutamine, glycine, phosphocreatine and threonine (p < 0.05). MWA treatment reversed the metabolic profiles of NSCLC patients towards the control group. CONCLUSIONS: 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis enhanced the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in NSCLC, and uncovered the therapeutic potential of MWA for treatment of NSCLC. The above disturbed serum metabolites were proposed to be the potential biomarkers that may help to predict NSCLC and to evaluate the efficacy of MWA in the treatment of NSCLC.

Laser capture microdissection for detecting the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in epithelial and spindle cells of paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed biphasic synovial sarcoma.

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a mesenchymal malignant neoplasm showing characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal biphasic differentiation. SS is of uncertain cellular origin; however, studies have suggested that SS originates from a somatic stem cell population. In this study, we aim to determine whether differential morphological features of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributed to the tumourigenesis of SS invasion and metastasis. Twelve paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissue (FFPE) SS tissue specimens were obtained, and laser capture microdissection (LCM) with the ArcturusXT system and small chip method (SCM) were used to isolate and purify spindle and epithelial cells from SS specimens. The TRIzol method was used to extract RNA, and the mRNA levels of EMT-related genes in epithelial and spindle cells of SS specimens were measured using real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results show that collection of about 2 × 104 cells from FFPE samples using LCM was sufficient for qRT-PCR, with an efficiency of 75%. Compared with LCM, 72.2% (13 of 18) RNA samples were successfully extracted using SCM to isolate cells from FFPE SS tissues. In the 16 samples (11 spindle cell samples and 5 epithelial cell samples), Snail mRNA was significantly upregulated in spindle cell areas compared with that in epithelial cell areas (P = .001). Expression levels of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin were not significantly different between epithelial and spindle cell areas. In spindle cells of recurrent SS samples, the mRNA levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug were higher in primary SS samples than in recurrent samples. Taken together, our results indicated that in SS samples, Snail mRNA was upregulated in spindle cell areas compared with that in epithelial cell areas and that the expression of EMT-related genes was increased in primary SS. LCM could be used to isolate and purify RNA from FFPE samples.

HLA-DQB1*03 and DRB1*07 alleles increase the risk of cervical cancer among Uighur and Han women in Xinjiang, China.

AIM: To explore the association between the determinant factors including HLA-DQB1*03, DRB1-*07, -*13 and high-risk HPV infection, the cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) pathogenesis among Chinese Uighur and Han population. MATERIALS & METHODS: HLA alleles were genotyped by PCR sequence-specific primers. RESULTS: HPV16 infection rate was significantly higher among the Uighurs and Hans with CSCC as compared with healthy controls, respectively. HLA-DQB1*03 significantly increased among Uighurs with CSCC, while HLA-DRB1*07 significantly increased among Hans with CSCC. Similar tendencies were observed for DQB1*03 with HPV16-positive Uighurs CSCC and DRB1*07 with HPV16-positive Hans CSCC. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that HLA-DQB1*03 and DRB1*07 alleles may influence the immune response to HPV16 infection and increase the risk of CSCC among the Uighurs and Hans in China.

Genome-wide screening for genomic aberrations in Kazakh patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer by comparative genomic hybridization.

Multiple chromosome aberrations are responsible for tumorigenesis of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). To characterize genetic alterations by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and their relation to ESCC, We enrolled 54 members with ESCC from Kazakh's patients. We found that the deletions of 3p (P = 0.032), 17p (P = 0.004), 22q (P = 0.000) and gains of 5p (P = 0.000), 11q (P = 0.000) were significantly correlated with the location of tumors. Losses of 1p (P = 0.005), 3p (P = 0.006), 22q (P = 0.024) and gains of 3q (P = 0.043), 8q (P = 0.038), 18q (P = 0.046) were also found more frequently in patients with larger diameter disease. The loss of 19q (P = 0.005) and gains of l3q (P = 0.045), 18p (P = 0.018) were significantly correlated with pathologic grade. The gain of 7p (P = 0.009) and deletion of 19q (P = 0.018) were seen more frequently in patients with Grade III-IV tumors. Chromosome amplifications in ESCC at 1q (P = 0.008), 7p (P = 0.008), 8q (P = 0.018) and deletions at 3p (P = 0.021), 11q (P = 0.002), 17p (P = 0.012) were related to lymph node metastasis; the gains of 1q (P = 0.026) and 6q (P = 0.017) and the loss of 11q (P = 0.001) were significant in different isoforms of HPV infection. We identified some chromosomes in which the genes were related to the tumorgenesis of ESCC, which may be a theme for future investigation.

Clinicopathological significance of Bmi-1 overexpression in esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis.

AIM: The clinicopathological effects of Bmi-1 expression in esophageal cancer remain widely disputed. Our aim was to clarify this relationship. METHODS: Available studies were retrieved from diverse databases. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were used to identify correlations between Bmi-1 expression and the clinicopathological features of esophageal cancer. RESULTS: From 16 studies, 1523 esophageal cancer patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis demonstrated that Bmi-1 overexpression was associated with differentiation (p = 0.03), tumor/node/metastasis stage (p = 0.02), depth of invasion (p = 0.0006) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The expression of Bmi-1 is associated with the progression and invasion of esophageal cancer.

MicroRNA-34a functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting oncogenic PLCE1 in Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the frequent malignant tumors with poor prognosis worldwide. Identifying the prognostic biomarkers and potential mechanisms of such tumors has attracted increasing interest in esophageal cancer biology. Our previous study showed that phospholipase C elipson 1 (PLCE1) expression is up-regulated and associated with disease progression in esophageal carcinoma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in regulating its target gene expression. However, studies on miRNA-regulated PLCE1 expression and its cellular function are still very few. We found that miR-34a is significantly expressed lower in ESCC tissues. We further showed that PLCE1 is a direct functional target gene of miR-34a, and the functional roles of miR-34a in ESCC cell lines in vitro were also determined through gain- and loss-of-function analyses. Results revealed that miR-34a functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and EMT phenotype, as well as promoting apoptosis of ESCC cell lines. Moreover, PLCE1 is overexpressed in ESCC tumors and promotes tumorigenicity in vivo and vitro. PLCE1 expression is negatively correlated with miR-34a profiles in ESCC tissues. Our data suggest that miR-34a exerts its anti-cancer function by suppressing PLCE1. The newly identified miR-34a/PLCE1 axis partially illustrates the molecular mechanism of ESCC metastasis and represents a new candidate therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.

CD163 as a marker of M2 macrophage, contribute to predicte aggressiveness and prognosis of Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

M2 macrophages was domesticated by tumor microenvironment to produce some angiogenic molecules and protease, facilitating angiogenesis and matrix breakdown, promoting tumor invasive and metastasis. However, The function of M2 macrophages to progression of eophageal carcinoma, especially Kazakh esophageal carcinoma is still dimness. This study aims to investigate M2 macrophages correlated with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and microvessel density, and the role in the progression of Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CD163 and CD34 as the marker of M2 macrophages and endothelial cells, were used to identify the M2 macrophages density and microvessel density, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining was evaluated the expression of MMP9. The number of infiltrated CD163-positive M2 macrophages in tumor islets and stroma was significantly higher than in cancer adjacent normal tissues. The increased of M2 macrophages and microvessel density were significantly correlated with more malignant phenotypes including lymph node metastasis and clinical stage progression. Meanwhile, the expression of MMP9 showed much higher level in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma than that in cancer adjacent normal tissues, and high expression of MMP9 in Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was significantly associated with age, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor clinical stage. The quantity of M2 macrophages in tumor stroma was positively associated with microvessel density and the expression of MMP9, and as an independent poorly prognostic factor for overall survival time of Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. These findings suggest the increased number of M2 macrophages correlated with high expression of MMP9 and high microvessel density may contribute to the tumor aggressiveness and angiogenesis, promoting the progression of Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

High infiltration of CD68-tumor associated macrophages, predict poor prognosis in Kazakh esophageal cancer patients.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most important immune cells in tumor microenvironment, were reported to play a key role in cancer progression, but the correlation of TAMs and Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was still not clear, so we sought to identify the function of TAMs in Kazakh ESCC clinicopathological and prognostic evaluation. CD68 as the TAMs marker, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to quantify the TAMs infiltrated in tumor nest and stroma, the IHC staining was also used to evaluate the expression of MMP-9 in Kazakh ESCCs. The density of CD68-TAMs in ESCCs tumor nest and stromal, were significantly higher than those of CANs (P<0.05). The increasing number of CD68-positive TAMs in tumor nest and stromal were positively associated with tumors lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P<0.05). The expression of MMP-9 in Kazakh ESCCs was higher than that of CAN tissues (P<0.05). Increased MMP-9 expression in ESCCs was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and tumor clinical stage (P<0.05). Importantly, the number of CD68-positive TAMs in ESCCs was significantly correlated with the expression of MMP-9 (P<0.05). Furthermore, the survival analyses demonstrated that high-density of CD68-TAMs in tumor nest was positively related to the shorter overall survival time of patients (P<0.05). Increasing numbers of CD68-TAMs promote higher expression of MMP-9 and may play an important role in the occurrence and progression of Kazakh ESCCs, and which could be used as important prognostic markers for Kazakh ESCCs.

The increased number of tumor-associated macrophage is associated with overexpression of VEGF-C, plays an important role in Kazakh ESCC invasion and metastasis.

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of tumors. The distribution of TAMs in Kazakh esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not determined. We aimed to investigate the role of TAMs in the occurrence and progression of Kazakh ESCC. CD163 was used as the TAM marker, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) counts were used to quantify the density of TAMs in tumor nest and surrounding stroma. IHC staining was used to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in Kazakh ESCC and cancer adjacent normal (CAN) tissues. The density of TAMs in Kazakh ESCCs tumor nest and stromal was significantly higher than that in CAN tissues. The increased number of CD163-positive TAMs in tumor nest and tumor stromal was positively associated with Kazakh ESCC lymph node metastasis and clinical stage progression. Meanwhile, the expression of VEGF-C in Kazakh ESCCs was significantly higher than that in CAN tissues. Overexpression of VEGF-C in Kazakh ESCCs was significantly associated with gender, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and tumor clinical stage. The increased number of TAMs, either in the tumor nests or tumor stroma was positively correlated with the overexpression of VEGF-C, which may promote lymphangiogenesis and play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of Kazakh ESCC.

PFN2, a novel marker of unfavorable prognosis, is a potential therapeutic target involved in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressively malignant tumors with dismal prognosis. Profilin 2 (PFN2) is an actin-binding protein that regulates the dynamics of actin polymerization and plays a key role in cell motility. Recently, PFN2 have emerged as significant regulators of cancer processes. However, the clinical significance and biological function of PFN2 in ESCC remain unclear. METHODS: PFN2 protein expression was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarray from Chinese Han and Kazakh populations with ESCC. The associations among PFN2 expression, clinicopathological features, and prognosis of ESCC were analyzed. The effects on cell proliferation, invasion and migration were examined using MTT and Transwell assays. Markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Compared with normal esophageal epithelium (NEE), PFN2 protein expression was markedly increased in low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), and ESCC, increased gradually from LGIN to ESCC, and finally reached high grade in HGIN in the Han population. Similarly, PFN2 protein was more overexpressed in ESCC than in NEE in the Kazakh population. The results of Western blot analysis also showed that PFN2 expression was significantly higher in the ESCC tissue than in a matched adjacent non-cancerous tissue. PFN2 expression was positively correlated with invasion depth and lymph node metastasis. High PFN2 expression was significantly correlated with short overall survival (OS) (P = 0.023). Cox regression analysis revealed that PFN2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS in ESCC. Downregulation of PFN2 inhibited, rather than proliferated, cell invasion and migration, as well as induced an EMT phenotype, including increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin, decreased mesenchymal marker Vimentin, Snail, Slug and ZEB1, and morphological changes in ESCC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that PFN2 has a novel role in promoting ESCC progression and metastasis and portending a poor prognosis, indicating that PFN2 could act as an early biomarker of high-risk population. Targeting PFN2 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for ESCC treatment.

Regulatory Role of miR-203 in Occurrence and Progression of Kazakh Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors and the Kazakh national minority (ethnic) in Xinjiang (northwest of China) has been reported to be one of the highest incidence of Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the world. MicroRNA-203 (miR-203) was described as a tumor-suppressive miRNA in several cancers, but little study about the role of miR-203 in Kazakh ESCC. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-203 in the occurrence and progression of Kazakh ESCC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect miR-203 expression, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine P63 expression. The expression level of miR-203 in ESCC was significantly lower than that of cancer adjacent normal (CAN) samples (P < 0.05). Whereas the expression level of P63 in ESCC was significantly higher than that of CAN samples (P < 0.05), an inverse association between the expression of P63 and miR-203 was found but was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that miR-203 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in inhibiting the occurrence of Kazakh ESCC in Xinjiang, China.