Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Jingmen tick virus in Jiangxi Province, China.

Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) is a newly identified segmented flavivirus that has been recognized in multiple hosts, such as humans, buffalos, bats, rodents, mosquitos and ticks. Various clinical cases and studies manifested that JMTV is a true arbovirus with wide host spectrum and showed potential threats toward public health. JMTV has been reported in multiple countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. Moreover, wild boars serve as an important intermediary between humans and the wild ecological system. In China, it has been reported in nine provinces, while the prevalence and the distribution of JMTV in most regions including Jiangxi Province are still unknown. Thus, to profile the distribution of JMTV in Jiangxi Province, an epidemiological investigation was carried out from 2020 to 2022. In current study, 66 ticks were collected from 17 wild boars in Jiangxi Province. The results showed that 12 out of 66 ticks were JMTV positive, indicating JMTV is prevalent in ticks and boars in Jiangxi Province. The genome sequences of JMTV strain WY01 were sequenced to profile viral evolution of JMTV in China. Phylogenetic analysis divided JMTV strains into two genotypes, Group I and Group II. WY01 belongs to Group II and it shares the closest evolutionary relationship with the Japan strains rather than the strains from neighboring provinces in China suggesting that JMTV might have complex transmission routes. Overall, current study, for the first time, reported that JMTV is prevalent in Jiangxi Province and provided additional information concerning JMTV distribution and evolution in China.

IGFBP-rP1 is a potential therapeutic target in androgenic alopecia.

The available interventions for androgenic alopecia (AGA), the most common type of hair loss worldwide, remain limited. The insulin growth factor (IGF) system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AGA. However, the exact role of IGF binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) in hair growth and AGA has not been reported. In this study, we first found periodic variation in IGFBP-rP1 during the hair cycle transition in murine hair follicles (HFs). We further demonstrated that IGFBP-rP1 levels were lower in the serum and scalp HFs of individuals with AGA than in those of healthy controls. Subsequently, we verified that IGFBP-rP1 had no cytotoxicity to human outer root sheath cells (HORSCs) and that IGFBP-rP1 reversed the inhibitory effects of DHT on the migration of HORSCs in vitro. Finally, a DHT-induced AGA mouse model was created. The results revealed that the expression of IGFBP-rP1 in murine HFs was downregulated after DHT treatment and that subcutaneous injection of IGFBP-rP1 delayed catagen occurrence and prolonged the anagen phase of HFs in mice with DHT-induced AGA. The present work shows that IGFBP-rP1 is involved in hair cycle transition and exhibits great therapeutic potential for AGA.

Association analysis of the IKZF4 gene with Alopecia Areata in the Chinese Han population.

Objective: The IKZF4(Ikaros family zinc finger 4) gene encodes Eos, a zinc finger transcription factor that belongs to the Ikaros family. High expression of Eos on Treg cells is important for the suppression of autoimmune responses and immune homeostasis. It has been suggested that the SNP in IKZF4 may influence the pathogenesis of AA(alopecia areata). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between IKZF4 polymorphism and AA in the Chinese Han population. Methods: We examined 459 patients and 434 controls in this study. The rs1701704 polymorphism was evaluated using HRM analysis and direct sequencing. Results: The prevalence of the C/C, A/C, and A/A genotypes in AA patients was 7.4%, 37.5% and 55.1%, respectively. There were significant differences in genotype distribution and allele frequencies between AA and the control group (P < .0001). The frequency of the C allele in the AA group was significantly higher (P < .0001), and the frequencies of the C allele and C/C genotype in patients with family history were higher (P < .0001; P = .001). Conclusions: The rs1701704 SNP of IKZF4 may be a genetic marker for assessing the risk of AA in the Chinese Han population.

PRRSV Elimination in a Farrow-to-Finish Pig Herd Using Herd Closure and Rollover Approach.

It is well established that PRRSV elimination is an effective strategy for PRRS control, but published reports concerning successful PRRSV elimination cases in farrow-to-finishing herds are rare. Here, we have reported a successful PRRSV elimination case in a farrow-to-finish herd by employing a "herd closure and rollover" approach with some modifications. Briefly, the introduction of pigs to the herd was stopped and normal production processes were maintained until the herd reached a PRRSV provisional negative status. During the herd closure, strict biosecurity protocols were implemented to prevent transmission between nursery pigs and sows. In the current case, introducing gilts before herd closure and live PRRSV exposure were skipped. In the 23rd week post-outbreak, the pre-weaning piglets started to show 100% PRRSV negativity in qPCR tests. In the 27th week, nursery and fattening barns fully launched depopulation. In the 28th week, nursery and fattening houses reopened and sentinel gilts were introduced into gestation barns. Sixty days post-sentinel gilt introduction, the sentinel pigs maintained being PRRSV antibody negative, manifesting that the herd matched the standard of the provisional negative status. The production performance of the herd took 5 months to bounce back to normal. Overall, the current study provided additional information for PRRSV elimination in farrow-to-finish pig herds.

Blunting ROS/TRPML1 pathway protects AFB1-induced porcine intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis by restoring impaired autophagic flux.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a stable mycotoxin that contaminates animal feed on a large scale and causes severe damage to intestinal cells, induces inflammation and stimulates autophagy. Transient receptor potential mucolipin subfamily 1 (TRPML1) is a regulatory factor of autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms of TRPML1-mediated autophagy in AFB1 intestine toxicity remain elucidated. In the present study, AFB1 (0, 5, 10 µg/mL) was shown to reduce cell viability, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and apoptosis rate. Additionally, AFB1 caused structural damage to mitochondria and lysosomes and increased autophagosomes numbers. Furthermore, AFB1 promoted Ca2+ release by activating the TRPML1 channel, stimulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins, and induced autophagic flux blockade. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of autophagosome formation by 3-methyladenine attenuated AFB1-induced apoptosis by downregulating the levels of TRPML1 and ROS, whereas blockade of autophagosome-lysosomal fusion by chloroquine alleviated AFB1-induced apoptosis by upregulating TRPML1 expression and exacerbating ROS accumulation. Intriguingly, blocking AFB1-induced autophagic flux generated ROS- and TRPML1-dependent cell death, as shown by the decreased apoptosis in the presence the free radical scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and the TRPML1 inhibitor ML-SI1. Overall, these results showed that AFB1 promoted apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells by disrupting autophagic flux through activation of the ROS/TRPML1 pathway.

MicroRNA-1246 Inhibits NFATc1 Phosphorylation and Regulates T Helper 17 Cell Activation in the Pathogenesis of Severe Alopecia Areata.

BACKGROUND: We found microRNA (miR)-1246 to be significantly differentially expressed between severe active alopecia areata (AA) patients and healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role and mechanism of miR-1246 in severe AA. METHODS: Expression of miR-1246, dual-specific tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1c (NFATc1) in peripheral CD4+ T cells and in scalp tissues of patients were detected using RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. Peripheral CD4+ T cells from the AA patients were transfected with lentiviral vectors overexpressing miR-1246. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to measure mRNA or protein expression of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma (ROR-γt), interleukin (IL)-17, DYRK1A, NFATc1, and phosphorylated NFATc1. Flow cytometry was used to assay the CD4+IL-17+ cells proportion. ELISA was used to measure cytokine levels. RESULTS: miR-1246 levels decreased and DYRK1A and NFATc1 mRNA levels significantly increased in the peripheral CD4+ T cells and scalp tissues of severe active AA samples. NFATc1 protein expression was also significantly increased in the peripheral CD4+ T cells but not in the scalp tissues. NFATc1 positive cells were mainly distributed among infiltrating inflammatory cells around hair follicles. In peripheral CD4+ T cells of severe active AA, overexpression of miR-1246 resulted in significant downregulation of DYRK1A, NFATc1, ROR-γt, and IL-17 mRNA and phosphorylated NFATc1 protein, as well as a decrease in the CD4+IL-17+ cells proportion and the IL-17F level. CONCLUSION: miR-1246 can inhibit NFAT signaling and Th17 cell activation, which may be beneficial in the severe AA treatment.

Identification of a novel porcine Teschovirus 2 strain as causative agent of encephalomyelitis in suckling piglets with high mortality in China.

BACKGROUND: Porcine Teschovirus (PTV), also named Teschovirus A, is prevalent in pig populations, mainly causing neurological symptoms, diarrhea, pneumonia, and reproductive failure, however the morbidity and mortality are usually low in pig farms. CASE PRESENTATION: In this study, we reported a PTV outbreak investigation in one large-scale pig farm in China with severe symptoms including diarrhea, lethargy, locomotor ataxia, nystagmus, paralysis of the hind limbs, and coma in piglets. More importantly, the mortality reached 38% in suckling pigs, which is remarkably high in PTV history. A novel PTV strain, named HeNZ1, was isolated from cerebral samples of one suckling pig and the genome sequence was obtained by NGS sequencing. Phylogenetic and evolutionary divergence analyses revealed that HeNZ1 belongs to PTV genotype 2. Surprisingly, the VP1 coding region of HeNZ1 shares the highest sequence similarity with European PTV-2 strains, instead of China domestic PTV-2 strains, implying it may not derive from China local PTV-2 strains. Multiple sequence alignment and B cell epitope prediction of PTV VP1 and VP2 protein revealed 10 B cell epitopes, 5 mutant clusters and 36 unique mutation sites, of which 19 unique mutation sites are located in B cell epitopes and exposed on the surface of VP1 or VP2, implying significant antigenic drift potential of HeNZ1. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that HeNZ1 is a highly virulent PTV-2 strain, which capable of causing severe neurological symptoms and high mortality in piglets. Bioinformatic analysis suggest that HeNZ1 is genetically and antigenically different from other Chinese PTV-2 strains. Overall, current case expanded our understanding of PTV-2 clinical spectrum and revealed the emergence of a highly virulent PTV-2 strain with substantial genetic diversity and antigenic drift potential in VP1 and VP2.

Molybdenum and Cadmium Co-induce Pyroptosis via Inhibiting Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Defense Response in the Brain of Ducks.

Excess molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) are harmful to animals, but the neurotoxic mechanism co-induced by Mo and Cd is unclear. To estimate the effects of Mo and Cd co-exposure on pyroptosis by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant defense response in duck brains, 40 healthy 7-day-old ducks were randomly assigned to 4 groups and fed diet supplemented with Mo or/and Cd for 16 weeks, respectively. Results showed that Mo or/and Cd markedly increased Mo and Cd contents; decreased iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) contents, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content; and decreased total-antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities accompanied by pathological damage in brain. Additionally, Mo or/and Cd inhibited Nrf2 pathway via decreasing Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, glutathione S-transferase (GST), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD (P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and modifier subunit (GCLM) mRNA levels and Nrf2 protein level, which induced pyroptosis through upregulating nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), gasdermin A (GSDMA), gasdermin E (GSDME), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-18 (IL-18), Caspase-1, NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7) mRNA levels and NLRP3, Caspase-1 p20, gasdermin D (GSDMD), ASC protein levels and IL-1ß, and IL-18 contents. Besides, the changes of these indicators were most apparent in the Mo and Cd co-treated group. Collectively, the results certificated that Mo and Cd might synergistically induce pyroptosis via inhibiting Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense response in duck brains, whose mechanism is closely related to Mo and Cd accumulation.

Detection of skin thickness and density in healthy Chinese people by using high-frequency ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: Due to a recent development of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) systems, it is easier to realize high-resolution in vivo imaging of the biological tissues. The object of this study was to map the thickness and echo density of skin layers in healthy Chinese people and assess the influence of gender, age, and region on it. METHODS: A total of 189 volunteers (85 male, 104 female) with age range of 22-75-year old (mean age of 41.2-year old) were enrolled. The thickness and density of the epidermis and dermis layer were detected by high-frequency (22 or 75 MHz) ultrasonography at 13 different anatomical sites, including the forehead, cheeks, flexor and extensor forearms, flexor and extensor upper arms, inner and outer legs, inner and outer thighs, back, and abdomen. RESULTS: The thickness and density of epidermis/dermis between different anatomical sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The epidermis thickness of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs, whereas the thicknesses of the dermis were on the contrary. The density of the epidermis/dermis of the face and trunk were less than that of the limbs. The thickness of dermis in most of the sites were higher in male than in female, and the density of epidermis and dermis in most of the sites were less in men than in women. The thicknesses/densities of dermis were lower in older age group in almost all sites, whereas only several sites reached statistical. The difference between the north and south regions showed the environment also influenced the thickness and density of the skin. CONCLUSION: HFUS provides a simple noninvasive method for evaluating the skin thickness and echo-density, which, reflecting intradermal structure, exhibit systematic regional variation. With the establishment of Chinese phenotypic database of skin thickness and density, it will be helpful for the skin disease assessment, skin surgery, and cosmetology technology.

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin C on the liver of laying hens under chronic heat stress.

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of vitamin C on chronic heat stress (CHS)-induced liver oxidative damage and inflammation in laying hens. The thermoneutral control group (TN group) was kept at a constant temperature of 22 ± 1°C, while the chronic heat stress group (CHS group) and the vitamin C supplemented group (HSV group) were exposed to heat stress (HS) (36 ± 1°C, 8 h/d). The TN and HS groups were fed the basic diet at will, and the HSV group was supplemented with 300 mg/kg of vitamin C on top of the basic diet. The experimental results showed a significant improvement in body weight and feed intake in the HSV group compared to the HS group. A significantly lower pH and higher HCO 3 - and PCO2 levels were observed in the HSV group compared to the CHS group. As laying hens were supplemented with vitamin C, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was declined, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were increased, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was increased. Further, CHS induced an increase in the expression of inflammation-related genes and a decrease in the expression of antioxidant-related genes. In contrast, the addition of vitamin C reversed the effects of CHS, resulting in an increase in the expression of antioxidant-related genes and a decrease in the expression of inflammation-related genes. In conclusion, vitamin C can effectively alleviate CHS-induced acid-base imbalance in body fluids of laying hens and the oxidative damage and inflammatory response caused to the liver. Therefore, vitamin C can be used clinically as an effective drug to alleviate chronic heat stress in laying hens. This experiment provides clinical evidence and theoretical basis for the use of vitamin C as an effective drug to alleviate chronic heat stress in laying hens.

Randomized trial of microneedling combined with 2% minoxidil topical solution for the treatment of female pattern hair loss in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2% minoxidil combined with microneedling in the treatment of female pattern hair loss. METHODS: Forty female patients with female pattern hair loss were randomly divided into two groups with 20 patients each. The control group was treated with 2% minoxidil. The combined treatment group was treated with weekly microneedling in addition to daily minoxidil. The treatment period of both groups was 24 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age or duration of disease between the two groups of patients. The effective rate in the combined treatment group was 85%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (45%). The hair counts were also higher in the combined treatment group. All of the adverse reactions observed during the treatment period were mild. No severe adverse event was observed in either group. CONCLUSION: Microneedling combined with minoxidil had better efficacy for female pattern hair loss during the treatment period and follow-up. Microneedling combined with minoxidil therapy was safe and effective.

Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Mediates Kidney Injury in Chickens via the TLR7/NF-κB Signaling Axis.

Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in the world poultry industry. Here, we used RT-qPCR, WB and immunofluorescence to explore the interaction between NIBV and the host innate immune system of the kidney. Multiple virions were found in the kidney tissues of the disease group under electron microscopy, and pathological changes such as structural damage of renal tubules and bleeding were observed by HE staining. In addition, we found that the mRNA levels of TLR7, TRAF6, and IKKß were upregulated after NIBV infection. IRF7 mRNA levels decreased significantly at 5 dpi and increased significantly at 11 to 18 dpi. The NF-κB P65 mRNA level increased significantly at 5 to 18 dpi and decreased at 28 dpi. However, NIBV infection-induced NF-κB P65 protein levels were downregulated at multiple time points. Moreover, we demonstrated that the cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-8, and IL-6) mRNA and protein expression levels were increased significantly at multiple time points after NIBV infection. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed that NF-κB P65 and IFN-γ were mainly located in the nuclear or perinuclear region. The positive signal intensity of NF-κB P65 was significantly lower than that of the normal group at 1 to 5 dpi, and there was no significant change in the subsequent time period. The positive signal intensity of IFN-γ decreased significantly at 5 dpi, and increased significantly at 11 to 28 dpi. In conclusion, we found that NIBV promoted cytokine release through the TLR7/NF-κB signaling axis, thus causing kidney injury.

Molybdenum and cadmium co-exposure induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis by Th1 polarization in Shaoxing duck (Anas platyrhyncha) spleens.

Excessive molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) are deleterious to animals, but immunotoxicity co-induced by Mo and Cd remains unclear. To ascertain the confederate impacts of Mo and Cd on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis by Helper T (Th) cells 1 polarization in the spleen of ducks, we randomly allocated forty 8-day-old Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhyncha) into 4 groups and reared them with having different doses of Mo and/or Cd basic diet. At the 16th week of the experiment, serum and spleen tissues were extracted. Data confirmed that Mo and/or Cd strikingly promoted their levels in spleen, caused histological abnormality and trace elements imbalance, and disrupted Th1/Th2 balance to divert toward Th1, then triggered ER stress by increasing three branches PERK/eIF2α/CHOP, IRE1/Caspase-12 and TRAF2/JNK signaling pathways-related genes mRNA and proteins levels, which stimulated apoptosis by elevating Bak-1, Bax, Caspase-9, Caspase-3 mRNA expression, and cleaved-Caspase-9/Caspase-9, cleaved-Caspase-3/Caspase-3 proteins expression as well as apoptosis rate, and decreasing Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 mRNA expression and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Besides, the variation in combined group was most evident. Briefly, the study indicates that Mo and/or Cd exposure trigger ER stress-induced apoptosis via Th1 polarization in duck spleens, and its mechanism is somehow closely linked with the deposition of Cd and Mo, which may aggravate toxic damage to spleen.

Cadmium and molybdenum co-induce pyroptosis and apoptosis via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis in the livers of Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Cadmium (Cd) and excessive molybdenum (Mo) have adverse impacts on animals. However, the hepatotoxicity co-induced by Cd and Mo in ducks has not been fully elucidated. In order to explore the impacts of Cd and Mo co-exposure on pyroptosis and apoptosis by the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in the livers of ducks, 40 healthy 7-day-old Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned into 4 groups, and Cd or/and Mo were added to the basic diet per kilogram (kg): control group (0 mg Mo and 0 mg Cd), Mo group (100 mg Mo), Cd group (4 mg Cd), and Mo + Cd group (100 mg Mo and 4 mg Cd), with 16 weeks feed management. Results signified that Cd or/and Mo caused trace element imbalance, liver function and histomorphological abnormalities in the duck liver, and activated the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway through increasing PTEN mRNA and protein levels, reducing PI3K, AKT mRNA and p-AKT/AKT protein levels, which triggered pyroptosis and apoptosis via increasing Caspase-1, NLRP3, NEK7, ASC, GSDME, GSDMA, IL-1ß and IL-18 mRNA levels, Caspase-1 p20, NLRP3, ASC and GSDMD protein levels, and IL-1ß and IL-18 contents, and increasing Bak-1, Bax, Cyt C and Caspase-3 mRNA levels and cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 protein level, and downregulating Bcl-2 mRNA level and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, respectively. Overall, the results illustrate that pyroptosis and apoptosis induced by Cd or/and Mo may be associated with activating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in the livers of ducks. There may be a synergy between these two elements.

Nrf2 axis and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated autophagy activation is involved in molybdenum and cadmium co-induced hepatotoxicity in ducks.

Excessive molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) have toxic effects on animals. However, hepatotoxicity co-induced by Mo and Cd in ducks is still unclear. To evaluate the effects of Cd and Mo co-exposure on autophagy by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant defense and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in duck livers, 40 healthy 7-day-old ducks were randomly assigned to 4 groups and fed diets containing different doses of Mo and/or Cd for 16 weeks, respectively. The results verified that Mo and/or Cd induced oxidative stress via decreasing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities and increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations; inhibited Nrf2 axis by downregulating the pathway-related genes and proteins expression levels, and activated ERS through upregulating the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2a), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathway-related genes and proteins expression levels, which triggered autophagy via increasing autophagosomes, light chain 3 (LC3) puncta, LC3A, LC3B, autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5), Bcl-2-interacting protein (Beclin-1) mRNA levels and Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I (LC3II/LC3I) protein levels, decreasing Dynein, p62, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) mRNA levels and p62 protein level. Additionally, the changes in Mo and Cd group were the most obvious. Briefly, our study reveals that autophagy induced by Mo and/or Cd may be associated with the activation of crosstalk between Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense response and ERS in duck livers. Mo and Cd may aggravate toxic damage to the liver.

Involvement of calcium homeostasis and unfolded protein response in autophagy co-induced by molybdenum and cadmium in duck (Anas platyrhyncha) brain.

Excess molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) are harmful to animals, but neurotoxicity caused by Mo and Cd co-exposure in ducks is yet unknown. To assess joint impacts of Mo and Cd on autophagy via calcium homeostasis and unfolded protein response (UPR) in duck brain, 40 healthy 7-day-old ducks (Anas platyrhyncha) were assigned to 4 groups at random and fed diets supplemented with different doses of Mo or/and Cd for 16 weeks, respectively. Brain tissues were excised for experiment. Results exhibited that Mo or/and Cd disturbed calcium homeostasis by decreased ATPase activities and increased calcium (Ca) content, and upregulated calcium homeostasis-related factors Ca2+/CAM-dependent kinase IIɑ (CaMKIIɑ), calcineurin (CaN), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and calreticulin (CRT) expression levels. Meanwhile, the upregulation of UPR-related factor expression levels indicated that Mo or/and Cd activated UPR. Moreover, Mo or/and Cd triggered autophagy through promoting the number of autophagosomes and LC3II immunofluorescence intensity and altering autophagy key factor expression levels. Correlation analysis showed that there were obvious connections among Ca2+ homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy induced by Mo or/and Cd. Thence, it can be speculated that autophagy initiated by Mo or/and Cd may be associated with interfering Ca2+ homeostasis and triggering UPR.

In vivo assessment of molybdenum and cadmium co-induce nephrotoxicity via causing calcium homeostasis disorder and autophagy in ducks (Anas platyrhyncha).

Excess molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) are widespread environmental and industrial metal pollutants. To evaluate the combined effects of Mo and Cd on calcium homeostasis and autophagy in duck kidneys. 160 healthy 7-day-old ducks (Anas platyrhyncha) were randomized into 4 groups and given to a basic diet, adding various doses of Mo or/and Cd for 16 weeks. On the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks, kidney tissues were collected. The study exhibited that Mo or/and Cd caused histological abnormality, reduced the activities of Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase, K and Mg contents, and increased Na and Ca contents, upregulated CaMKKß, CaMKIIɑ, CaN, IP3R, GRP78, GRP94, CRT mRNA levels and CaMKIIɑ, CaN, IP3R protein levels. Moreover, exposure to Mo or/and Cd notably promoted the amount of autophagosomes and LC3II immunofluorescence, upregulated AMPKα1, ATG5, Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B mRNA levels and Beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I protein levels, downregulated mTOR, Dynein, P62 mRNA levels and P62 protein level. The changes of above indicators in combined group were more obvious. Overall, the results suggest that Mo and Cd co-exposure may can synergistically induce nephrotoxicity via causing calcium homeostasis disorder and autophagy in ducks.

Baicalin ameliorates APEC-induced intestinal injury in chicks by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis. Baicalin (BA) possesses multiple pharmacological effects, but the mechanism underlying its activity in APEC-induced intestinal injury remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of BA against APEC-induced intestinal injury. Sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (basal diet), E. coli group (basal diet), BAI10 group (10 mg/kg BA), and BAI20 group (20 mg/kg BA). After pretreatment with BA for 15 d and subsequent induction of APEC infection by pectoralis injection, the ileum was collected and analyzed. The results showed that BA-pretreatment demonstrated an alleviation of chicks in diarrhea rate, mortality, and histopathological changes in intestinal tissues after APEC infection. Additionally, following APEC infection, BA improved the intestinal barrier by elevating zona occludens (ZO)s (ZO-1, 2, 3), Claudins (Claudin1, 2, 3), Occludin, avian ß-defensin (AvBD)s (AvBD1, 2, 4), lysozyme (Lyz) mRNA levels and ZO-1, Claudin1, and Occludin protein levels. Besides, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the SOD-1 and CAT mRNA levels and SOD-1 protein level were elevated by BA pretreatment. BA pretreatment also decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) mRNA levels, and HO-1 protein level after APEC infection. BA alleviated the APEC-induced inflammatory response, including downregulating the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-6, IL-8) and upregulating the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor-ß [TGF-ß]). Furthermore, BA decreased the mRNA and protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) as well as the expression of the phosphorylated forms of these proteins after APEC infection. Collectively, our findings indicate that BA exerts a protective effect against APEC-induced intestinal injury in chicks by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT-mediated NF-κB pathway, suggesting that BA may be a potential therapeutic approach for avian colibacillosis.

Investigation of the Crosstalk between GRP78/PERK/ATF-4 Signaling Pathway and Renal Apoptosis Induced by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection.

This study aims to explore the crosstalk between GRP78/PERK/ATF-4 signaling pathway and renal apoptosis induced by nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV). Hy-Line brown chickens were divided into two groups (Con, n = 100 and Dis, n = 200). At 28 days of age, each chicken in the Dis group was intranasally injected with SX9 strain (10-5/0.2 ml). Venous blood and kidney tissues were collected at 1, 5, 11, 18 and 28 days postinfection. Our results showed that NIBV infection upregulated the levels of creatinine, uric acid, and calcium (Ca2+) levels. Histopathological examination revealed severe hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration near the renal tubules. Meanwhile, NIBV virus particles and apoptotic bodies were observed by ultramicro electron microscope. In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot showed that NIBV upregulated the expression of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF-4, CHOP, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, P53, Bax, and on the contrary, downregulated the expression of Bcl-2. Furthermore, immunofluorescence localization analysis showed that the positive expression of Bcl-2 protein was significantly decreased. Correlation analysis indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress gene expression, apoptosis gene expression, and renal injury were potentially related. Taken together, NIBV infection can induce renal ER stress and apoptosis by activating of GRP78/PERK/ATF-4 signaling pathway, leading to kidney damage. IMPORTANCE Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) induced renal endoplasmic reticulum stress in chickens. NIBV infection induced kidney apoptosis in chickens. GRP78/PERK/ATF-4 signaling pathway is potentially related to renal apoptosis induced by NIBV.

Luteolin Attenuates APEC-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Signal Axis in the Ileum of Chicks.

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is typically the cause of avian colibacillosis, which can result in oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal damage (APEC). Luteolin, in the form of glycosylation flavone, has potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, its effects on APEC-induced intestinal oxidative stress and NF-κB-mediated inflammation in chicks remains poorly understood. After hatching, one-day-old chicks were stochastically assigned to four groups: a control group (basic diet), an E. coli group (basic diet) and L10 and L20 groups (with a dry matter of luteolin diet 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively), with fifteen chicks in each group and one repeat per group. They were pretreated for thirteen days. The body weight, mortality, histopathological changes in the ileum, antioxidant status, and the mRNA and protein-expression levels of factors associated with the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signal axis of the chicks were measured. The results showed that luteolin treatment decreased the mRNA and protein-expression level of the related factors of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signal axis in the ileum, reduced inflammation, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced intestinal injury. Collectively, luteolin alleviated APEC-induced intestinal damage by means of hindering the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signal axis, which suggests that luteolin could be a good method for the prevention and treatment of avian colibacillosis.