[Effects of bisphenol A exposure on proteins tyrosine phosphorylation in mammalian sperm]. / åŒé šAæš´éœ²å¯¹å“ºä¹³åŠ¨ç‰©ç²¾å­è›‹ç™½é ªæ°¨é ¸ç£·é ¸åŒ–çš„å½±å“.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic estrogen compound, which widely exists in the environment, interferes with mammalian endocrine and affects the function of reproductive system of males. Taking fresh sperm of boar, 17 ℃ preservation boar sperm, and mouse sperm as test materials, we examined the effects of BPA (0, 0.1,1,10,100 µmol∙L-1) on proteins tyrosine phosphorylation in sperm and the molecular mechanism by using wes-tern blot (WB) and immunofluorescence techniques coupled to in vitro culture method. The results showed that low BPA concentration (0.1, 1 µmol∙L-1) markedly accelerated the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of fresh boar capacitated sperm. However, the tyrosine phosphorylation of boar sperm decreased in high BPA concentration (10, 100 µmol∙L-1). The tyrosine phosphorylation of the mouse sperm raised with the increases of BPA concentration. Moreover, BPA affected different kinds of proteins related to tyrosine phosphorylation modification of porcine and mouse sperm capacitation, suggesting that the effect of BPA exposure on mammalian sperm was species-specific. Furthermore, the results of immunofluorescence showed that the effects of BPA on protein tyrosine phosphorylation in sperm mainly occurred in the middle and principal piece of flagellum.

Effect of carrier size and surface morphology on the aerosolization of formulation in a capsule-based dry powder inhaler / 药学学报

The size and surface morphology of carrier lactose had influence on the aerosolization performance of dry powder inhalers. In this article, chlorpheniramine maleate was blended with two types of commercial carrier lactose, which were Lactohale 100® and Respitose SV003® (SV003), as formulation model. In vitro experiments were conducted using fast screening impactor at 30 L·min-1 and 60 L·min-1 respectively. Meanwhile, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling with discrete element modelling (DEM) was applied to discuss the movements of those two carrier particles in Handihaler® at the flow rate mentioned above. The dispersion characteristics of two formulations and the dispersion mechanism of Handihaler® were analyzed by establishing the relationship between in vitro experiments and numerical simulation. The results of in vitro experiments and CFD-DEM demonstrated that the aerosolization performance of formulation with SV003 was better. The linear correlation (R2 = 0.940 1) between fine particle dose and total energy loss by carrier collision within the wall of device was found by comparing the in vitro experimental results with CFD-DEM results. It revealed that particle-wall collision in Handihaler® had direct impact on the dispersion results of formulation.