Synthesis of Single-Layer Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks M3 (HAT)2 (M=Ni, Fe, Co, HAT=1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene) Using an On-Surface Reaction.

1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) is one of the smallest polyheterocyclic aromatic building blocks for forming conjugated metal-organic frameworks (cMOFs). However, the strong inter-molecular steric hindrance impedes the growth of HAT-based cMOFs. Here we employ on-surface synthesis to grow single-layer two-dimensional cMOFs of M3 (HAT)2 (M=Ni, Fe, Co). Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and density-functional theory (DFT) analysis, we resolve that the frameworks comprise a hexagonal lattice of HAT molecules and a Kagome lattice of metal atoms. The DFT analysis indicates that Ni, Co and Fe carry a magnetic moment of 1.1, 2.5, and 3.7 µB, respectively. We anticipate that the small π-conjugated core of HAT and strong bidentate chelating coordination give rise to appealing electronic and magnetic properties.

A Looming Spatial Localization Neural Network Inspired by MLG1 Neurons in the Crab Neohelice.

Similar to most visual animals, the crab Neohelice granulata relies predominantly on visual information to escape from predators, to track prey and for selecting mates. It, therefore, needs specialized neurons to process visual information and determine the spatial location of looming objects. In the crab Neohelice granulata, the Monostratified Lobula Giant type1 (MLG1) neurons have been found to manifest looming sensitivity with finely tuned capabilities of encoding spatial location information. MLG1s neuronal ensemble can not only perceive the location of a looming stimulus, but are also thought to be able to influence the direction of movement continuously, for example, escaping from a threatening, looming target in relation to its position. Such specific characteristics make the MLG1s unique compared to normal looming detection neurons in invertebrates which can not localize spatial looming. Modeling the MLG1s ensemble is not only critical for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the functionality of such neural circuits, but also important for developing new autonomous, efficient, directionally reactive collision avoidance systems for robots and vehicles. However, little computational modeling has been done for implementing looming spatial localization analogous to the specific functionality of MLG1s ensemble. To bridge this gap, we propose a model of MLG1s and their pre-synaptic visual neural network to detect the spatial location of looming objects. The model consists of 16 homogeneous sectors arranged in a circular field inspired by the natural arrangement of 16 MLG1s' receptive fields to encode and convey spatial information concerning looming objects with dynamic expanding edges in different locations of the visual field. Responses of the proposed model to systematic real-world visual stimuli match many of the biological characteristics of MLG1 neurons. The systematic experiments demonstrate that our proposed MLG1s model works effectively and robustly to perceive and localize looming information, which could be a promising candidate for intelligent machines interacting within dynamic environments free of collision. This study also sheds light upon a new type of neuromorphic visual sensor strategy that can extract looming objects with locational information in a quick and reliable manner.

Primary cystic lymphangioma in pancreatic tail: a rare case and its literature review / 中华内分泌外科杂志

We will retrieve a rare case of primary cystic lymphangioma in pancreatic tail that admitted to our hospital in March 2020. By reviewing the clinical courses of this case and its relevant literatures we hope to supply a new idea of diagnosis and treatment in the future.

Diagnosis and treatment of gastric bronchogenic cyst attaching to lesser curvature / 中华消化外科杂志

Gastric bronchogenic cysts （GBCs） is uncommon with atypical clinical features. It is difficult to diagnose by preoperative imaging examinations. Therefore , postoperative histopatho-logical examination is regarded as the golden bacteria in ultimate diagnosis. The treatment of GBCs：ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and endoscopic mucosal resection is only used for small GBCs with intra-cavity growth pattern. However , GBCs with extra-cavity growth pattern is featured with deeply anatomical position , large size , and prone on attaching to vital blood vessels and organs , which makes laparoscopic resection is the first choice in treatment. The authors introduce the diagnosis and treatment of a case of GBCs attaching to lesser curvature , in order to provide references for clinical diagnosis of GBCs.

A colorimetric immunosensor based on self-linkable dual-nanozyme for ultrasensitive bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis monitoring.

We developed self-linkable Prussian blue (PB)-incorporated magnetic graphene oxide (PMGO) as a peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme with high oxidizability to 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which generates significant absorption intensity for the colorimetric immunosensing of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) in early bladder cancer (BC) diagnosis and prognosis monitoring. The ultrasensitive immunosensor was constructed using an ApoA1 antibody (AbApoA1)-functionalized chip (biochipApoA1) and self-linkable peroxidase-mimicking, PB-incorporated magnetic graphene oxide (PMGO). After incubating the sample and capturing ApoA1 proteins captured on the biochipApoA1, the PMGO was functionalized with AbApoA1, and then mouse IgG (PMGO-1), rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibody (PMGO-2), and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (PMGO-3) were added together. We envisioned that each captured ApoA1 protein would allow the retention of a large amount of PMGO through a self-linking process to amplify the colorimetric signal of TMB in the presence of H2O2. The linear detection range could be obviously widened in the presence of self-linkable PMGO-from 0.05 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL-compared with the group without signal amplification (from 1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL). Our immunosensor analysis of ApoA1 in the urine of BC patients and healthy individuals was highly correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements; moreover, the ApoA1 concentrations of patients with high-grade BC were significantly higher than those of patients with low-grade BC. After standard clinical treatment, a significant drop of ApoA1 concentration occurred in urine that was lower than the cut-off concentration, suggesting potential clinical applications of the new self-linkable PMGO-generating colorimetric immunosensor in early BC diagnosis and prognosis monitoring.

Biotransformation and antitumor activity of triterpenoid derivatives from Ardisia gigantifolia / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of transformed products by Sphingomonas yabuuchiae GTC 868T (AB071955) and Pectinex Ultra AFP from the saponin of Ardisia gigantifolia. Methods: Transformation products separated by the process of silica gel column, compounds were identified and elucidated by spectral and chemical methods. Their cytotoxicity activities were tested by Cell Counting Kit 8 colorimetric assay. Results: Five triterpenoid saponins were obtained, including 3β-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-cyclamiretin A (1), 3β-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranoside}-cyclamiretin A (2), 3β-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside}-cyclamiretin A (3), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl cyclamiretin A (4), and cyclamiretin A (5). Conclusion: Compounds 2-5 are obtained by biotransformation for the first time. Some of the compounds showed certain antitumor activity, among them, compound 2 shows more cytotoxicity activity than Ag3 and positive control.

[Clinical and pathological features and the misdiagnosis of childhood Alport syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 91 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and pathological features and the diagnosis of childhood Alport syndrome (AS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 91 children with AS. RESULTS: Hematuria was observed in all 91 patients, of whom 86 were accompanied with proteinuria. Sixty-one children with X-Linked AS (XL-AS) had positive family history. Renal biopsy was performed on 82 children. Mild to moderate mesangial proliferation was observed in 74 cases. Small amounts of immune complexes deposits in the glomerular mesangial area were observed in 48 cases. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) attenuation, thickening and layering were observed in 53 cases by electron microscopy (EM). In 63 cases receiving renal tissue type IV collagen α3 and α5 chain immunofluorescence detection, 58 were diagnosed with AS, including 53 cases of XL-AS and 5 cases of autosomal recessive AS. In 91 cases of AS, 58 were diagnosed as AS by renal tissue type IV collagen α3 and α5 chain immunofluorescence, 21 were diagnosed by EM, one was diagnosed by skin biopsy, and 12 were diagnosed by gene detection. Six novel mutations of COL4A5 gene were found. Forty-five cases were misdiagnosed before the diagnosis of AS. Forty-one of the 45 cases received steroids and/or immunosuppressant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations and pathological changes are not specific in children with AS, resulting in a higher rate of misdiagnosis. Typical lesions of GBM under EM are only observed in a part of patients. There is a high novel mutation rate of COL4A5 in the detected AS children.

Clinical and pathological features and the misdiagnosis of childhood Alport syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 91 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical and pathological features and the diagnosis of childhood Alport syndrome (AS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 91 children with AS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Hematuria was observed in all 91 patients, of whom 86 were accompanied with proteinuria. Sixty-one children with X-Linked AS (XL-AS) had positive family history. Renal biopsy was performed on 82 children. Mild to moderate mesangial proliferation was observed in 74 cases. Small amounts of immune complexes deposits in the glomerular mesangial area were observed in 48 cases. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) attenuation, thickening and layering were observed in 53 cases by electron microscopy (EM). In 63 cases receiving renal tissue type IV collagen α3 and α5 chain immunofluorescence detection, 58 were diagnosed with AS, including 53 cases of XL-AS and 5 cases of autosomal recessive AS. In 91 cases of AS, 58 were diagnosed as AS by renal tissue type IV collagen α3 and α5 chain immunofluorescence, 21 were diagnosed by EM, one was diagnosed by skin biopsy, and 12 were diagnosed by gene detection. Six novel mutations of COL4A5 gene were found. Forty-five cases were misdiagnosed before the diagnosis of AS. Forty-one of the 45 cases received steroids and/or immunosuppressant therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The clinical manifestations and pathological changes are not specific in children with AS, resulting in a higher rate of misdiagnosis. Typical lesions of GBM under EM are only observed in a part of patients. There is a high novel mutation rate of COL4A5 in the detected AS children.</p>

Study on the Effect and Its Mechanism of Carvedilol on Leptin-induced Activation and Proliferation of Hu-man Hepatic Stellate Cells / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect and its mechanism of carvedilol on leptin-induced activation and proliferation of LX2 human hepatic stellate cells(HSC-LX2). METHODS:HSC-LX2 with logarithmic growth periods were divided into blank con-trol group,leptin-stimulated group and carvedilol low-concentration,medium-concentration,high-concentration groups(5,10,20μmol/L). Except for the blank control group,other groups were added 0.1 g/L leptin and corresponding concentration of carvedilol. After 24 h,MTT method was used to detect the optical density(OD)value of cells and calculate the proliferation rate. Flow cytom-etry was used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA),matrix metalloproteinase inhibition factor 1 (TIMP-1),leptin,leptin receptor mRNA expressions. Western blot method was used to detect phosphorylated Janus kinase 2(p-JAK2),phosphorylated signal trans-duction and transcriptional activator 3 (p-STAT3) protein expressions. RESULTS:Compared with blank control group,OD value of cell was increased in leptin-stimulated group;apoptotic rate was decreased;cells of G0/G1 were decreased;α-SMA,TIMP-1, leptin,leptin receptor mRNA expressions and p-JAK2,p-STAT3 protein expressions were increased (P<0.05). Compared with leptin-stimulated group,OD values of cells were decreased in carvedilol concentration groups;apoptotic rate was increased,and the cells were mainly blocked in G0/G1 phase;α-SMA,TIMP-1,leptin,leptin receptor mRNA expressions and p-JAK2,p-STAT3 protein expressions were decreased(P<0.05)and was concentration-depended(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Carvedilol can inhibit the activation and proliferation of leptin-induced HSC-LX2,promote its apoptosis. The mechanism may associate with down-regulat-ing leptin,leptin receptor gene expression and blocking JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway activation by leptin in cells.

Rapid Quantitative Detection and Model Optimization of Trans Fatty Acids in Edible Vegetable Oils by Near Infrared Spectroscopy / 分析化学

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was used to detect trans fatty acids (TFA) in edible vegetable oils quantitatively. And prediction model of TFA was optimized through band selection, pretreatment method, variable selection and modeling method. NIR spectra of 98 edible vegetable oil samples were collected in spectral range of 4000-10000 cm-1 using an Antaris Ⅱ Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer, and the true content of TFA was measured by gas chromatography. First, optimization of waveband and pretreatment method was conducted on original spectra. On this basis, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was used to select important variables that related to TFA. Finally, the prediction models of TFA content in edible vegetable oils were established using principal component regression ( PCR), partial least square (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). The results indicated that NIR spectroscopy was feasible for detecting TFA content in edible vegetable oils, R2 of the best prediction model after optimized in calibration and prediction sets were 0. 992 and 0. 989, and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEP) were 0. 071% and 0. 075% , respectively. Only 26 variables were used in the best prediction model, accounting for 0. 854% of the whole waveband variables. In addition, compared with the full waveband PLS prediction model, the R2 in prediction set increased from 0. 904 to 0. 989, and RMSEP decreased from 0. 230% to 0. 075% . It shows that model optimization is very necessary, CARS method can select important variables related to TFA effectively and immensely reduce the number of modeling variables, so it can simplify the prediction model, and greatly improve the accuracy and stability of prediction model.

Fabrication of a Nanogold-Dot Array for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Serum.

A simple and accurate device for early detection of malignancies is paramount for prompt treatment and prevention of metastases. In this study, we describe a novel fabrication method for producing an ordered nanogold-dot array with strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and narrow bandwidth. The array was used as an optical biosensing chip for the detection of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) in human serum. The biochip was constructed by conjugating an anti-VEGF antibody, a specific biorecognition element for VEGF165, onto the array via the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of the antibody, ultimately increasing the efficiency of VEGF165 detection. The resulting biochip was sensitive, had a wide linear detection range (0.01-100 ng/mL), was specific for VEGF165 (showing no interference when challenged with glucose and ascorbic acid), and characterized by an excellent stability (allowing storage and transportation at room temperature). Owing to the good correlations of VEGF165 measurements obtained with ELISA, we believe that our chip holds promise as a tool for early diagnosis of cancer.

Non-invasive, neuron-specific gene therapy by focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in Parkinson's disease mouse model.

Focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced with microbubbles (MBs) is a promising technique for noninvasive opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow targeted delivery of therapeutic substances into the brain and thus the noninvasive delivery of gene vectors for CNS treatment. We have previously demonstrated that a separated gene-carrying liposome and MBs administration plus FUS exposure can deliver genes into the brain, with the successful expression of the reporter gene and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene. In this study, we further modify the delivery system by conjugating gene-carrying liposomes with MBs to improve the GDNF gene-delivery efficiency, and to verify the possibility of using this system to perform treatment in the 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced animal disease model. FUS-BBB opening was verified by contrast-enhanced MRI, and GFP gene expression was verified via in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Western blots as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to measure protein expression, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to test the Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-neuron distribution. Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites as well as dopamine active transporter (DAT) were quantitatively analyzed to show dopaminergic neuronal dopamine secretion/activity/metabolism. Motor performance was evaluated by rotarod test weekly. Results demonstrated that the LpDNA-MBs (gene-liposome-MBs) complexes successfully serve as gene carrier and BBB-opening catalyst, and outperformed the separated LpDNA/MBs administration both in terms of gene delivery and expression. TH-positive IHC and measurement of DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA confirmed improved neuronal function, and the proposed system also provided the best neuroprotective effect to retard the progression of motor-related behavioral abnormalities. Immunoblotting and histological staining further confirmed the expression of reporter genes in neuronal cells. This study suggests that FUS exposures with the administration of LpDNA-MBs complexes synergistically can serve as an effective gene therapy strategy for MPTP-animal treatment, and may have potential for further application to perform gene therapy for neurodegenerative disease.

A sensitive and selective magnetic graphene composite-modified polycrystalline-silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for bladder cancer diagnosis.

In this study, we describe the urinary quantification of apolipoprotein A II protein (APOA2 protein), a biomarker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer, using an n-type polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (poly-SiNW-FET). The modification of poly-SiNW-FET by magnetic graphene with long-chain acid groups (MGLA) synthesized via Friedel-Crafts acylation was compared with that obtained using short-chain acid groups (MGSA). Compared with MGSA, the MGLA showed a higher immobilization degree and bioactivity to the anti-APOA2 antibody (Ab) due to its lower steric hindrance. In addition, the magnetic properties enabled rapid separation and purification during Ab immobilization, ultimately preserving its bioactivity. The Ab-MGLA/poly-SiNW-FET exhibited a linear dependence of relative response to the logarithmical concentration in a range between 19.5pgmL(-1) and 1.95µgmL(-1), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.7pgmL(-1). An additional washing step before measurement aimed at excluding the interfering biocomponents ensured the reliability of the assay. We conclude that our biosensor efficiently distinguishes mean values of urinary APOA2 protein concentrations between patients with bladder cancer (29-344ngmL(-1)) and those with hernia (0.425-9.47ngmL(-1)).

Identification of the metabolites of Dingzhi Xiaowan extract in depressive rat plasma, urine, feces and bile after intragastric administration / 中国中药杂志

Dingzhi Xiaowan is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine in treating depression, which is a similar formula of Kaixinsan. In this research, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS(E)) method was established to analyze the metabolites of Dingzhi Xiaowan in depressive model rat plasma, bile, urine and feces. After we established Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model rats and orally administrated Dingzhi Xiaowan, rat plasma, bile, urine and feces samples were collected and prepared. Using Waters Cortects UPLC C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.6 μm), acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid mobile phase gradient, these samples were analyzed and 33 metabolites of nine bioactive compounds were detected and tentatively identified by Metabolynx. Among the 33 metabolites, three metabolites were identified from plasma sample, three came from bile sample, and 27 metabolites were identified from urine and feces samples. This approach provided a rapid method for characterizing the metabolites of Dingzhi Xiaowan and gave the truly active structures and the action mechanism of their antidepressant effects.

Clinical comparative observation of SMlLE operation design of different thickness of corneal cap / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AlM: To compare the impact of different thickness of corneal cap design on small incision lenticule extraction ( SMlLE) operation.METHODS: Forty-six cases of myopia patients ( 92 eyes) intends to SMlLE operation in our hospital were collected , and were randomly divided into 2 groups:corneal cap thickness design for 110μm in group A and 120μm in group B. Other operation parameters designs were consistent. All patients were surgeried by the same surgeon. The incidence of opaque bubble layer ( OBL ) , the ratio of difficult separation of lens, uncorrected visual acuity ( UCVA ) of each time points, and spherical equivalent ( SE) were compared.RESULTS: lntraoperative OBL incidence rate of 110μm group was higher than that of 120μm group with significant difference between the two group (P0. 05). SE were compared at 7d and 6mo after operation, showed no significant difference (P>0. 05)CONCLUSlON: Compared with 120μm group, corneal cap design SMlLE operation in 110μm group are more prone to OBL and difficult separation of lens, thus affects UCVA and postoperative recovery rate. There is no significant difference in long-term UCVA.

Magnetic-composite-modified polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for vascular endothelial growth factor detection and cancer diagnosis.

This study proposes a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biosensor for diagnosing various stages of cervical carcinoma. In addition, VEGF concentrations at various stages of cancer therapy are determined and compared to data obtained by computed tomography (CT) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). The increase in VEGF concentrations during operations offers useful insight into dosage timing during cancer therapy. This biosensor uses Avastin as the biorecognition element for the potential cancer biomarker VEGF and is based on a n-type polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (poly-SiNW-FET). Magnetic nanoparticles with poly[aniline-co-N-(1-one-butyric acid) aniline]-Fe3O4 (SPAnH-Fe3O4) shell-core structures are used as carriers for Avastin loading and provide rapid purification due to their magnetic properties, which prevent the loss of bioactivity; furthermore, the high surface area of these structures increases the quantity of Avastin immobilized. Average concentrations in human blood for species that interfere with detection specificity are also evaluated. The detection range of the biosensor for serum samples covers the results expected from both healthy individuals and cancer patients.

Amphiphilic polyesters bearing pendant sugar moieties: synthesis, characterization, and cellular uptake.

Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and "click" reactions were used to prepare a series of amphiphilic block-graft (PαN3CL-g-Sugar)-b-PCL polymers. The glycosylated RO-(PαN3CL-g-Sugar)-b-PCL polymers formed micelles with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range of 4.9-23.2 mg L(-1) in the aqueous phase. The mean diameters of the micelles were between 21 nm and 125 nm, considerably lower than the 200 nm diameter at which the uptake of micelles by the reticuloendothelial cells becomes compromised. Selective lectin-binding experiments confirmed that glycosylated RO-(PαN3CL-g-Sugar)-b-PCL can be used in biorecognition applications, and in vitro cell-viability assay showed that RO-(PαN3CL-g-Sugar)-b-PCL has low cytotoxicity. Micelles loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) facilitated an improved uptake of DOX by HeLa cells that was completed within 1h, and the endocytosed-DOX successfully reached intracellular compartments and entered nuclei.

A novel human TINP1 gene promotes cell proliferation through inhibition of p53 and p21 expression.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß-inducible nuclear protein 1 (TINP1) is a novel gene, which is localized at chromosome 5q13 where frequent abnormalities in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) occur. The present study investigated the effects of TINP1 knockdown or overexpression on the viability and gene expression of various tumor cell lines. siTINP1 was designed to knock down TINP1 expression. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to assess gene expression; the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell viability, and luciferase and flow cytometry assays were used to determine gene activity. TINP1 was widely expressed in various cell lines. In addition, TINP1 siRNA was able to knock down TINP1 expression in HeLa cells. TINP1 overexpression significantly promoted tumor cell proliferation, which may be associated with the downregulation of p53 expression. Furthermore, TINP1 promoted a number of cell lines to the S phase of the cell cycle. TINP1 promotes cell proliferation and significantly reduces p53 and p21 expression.

A colloidal suspension of nanostructured poly(N-butyl benzimidazole)-graphene sheets with high oxidase yield for analytical glucose and choline detections.

A colloidal suspension of nanostructured poly(N-butyl benzimidazole)-graphene sheets (PBBIns-Gs) was used to modify a gold electrode to form a three-dimensional PBBIns-Gs/Au electrode that was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of acetic acid (AcOH). The positively charged nanostructured poly(N-butyl benzimidazole) (PBBIns) separated the graphene sheets (Gs) and kept them suspended in an aqueous solution. Additionally, graphene sheets (Gs) formed "diaphragms" that intercalated Gs, which separated PBBIns to prevent tight packing and enhanced the surface area. The PBBIns-Gs/Au electrode exhibited superior sensitivity toward H2O2 relative to the PBBIns-modified Au (PBBIns/Au) electrode. Furthermore, a high yield of glucose oxidase (GOD) on the PBBIns-Gs of 52.3mg GOD per 1mg PBBIns-Gs was obtained from the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged PBBIns-Gs and negatively charged GOD. The non-destructive immobilization of GOD on the surface of the PBBIns-Gs (GOD-PBBIns-Gs) retained 91.5% and 39.2% of bioactivity, respectively, relative to free GOD for the colloidal suspension of the GOD-PBBIns-Gs and its modified Au (GOD-PBBIns-Gs/Au) electrode. Based on advantages including a negative working potential, high sensitivity toward H2O2, and non-destructive immobilization, the proposed glucose biosensor based on an GOD-PBBIns-Gs/Au electrode exhibited a fast response time (5.6s), broad detection range (10µM to 10mM), high sensitivity (143.5µAmM(-1)cm(-2)) and selectivity, and excellent stability. Finally, a choline biosensor was developed by dipping a PBBIns-Gs/Au electrode into a choline oxidase (ChOx) solution for enzyme loading. The choline biosensor had a linear range of 0.1µM to 0.83mM, sensitivity of 494.9µAmM(-1)cm(-2), and detection limit of 0.02µM. The results of glucose and choline measurement indicate that the PBBIns-Gs/Au electrode provides a useful platform for the development of oxidase-based biosensors.