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Introducción: La violencia de pareja es un fenómeno que tiene importantes implicancias sociales y para la salud de las personas agredidas, y que requiere de instrumentos debidamente validados para su aplicación en el contexto forense. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala para medir Creencias que Perpetúan la Violencia Intrafamiliar. Método: se trabajó con una muestra de 1.977 mujeres de la ciudad de Arequipa (en Perú), que fueron seleccionadas mediante métodos no probabilísticos. Resultados: Los resultados han confirmado la estructura de tres factores de la Escala para medir Creencias que Perpetúan la Violencia Intrafamiliar, mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio, que cuentan con óptimos índices de confiabilidad: Creencias perturbadoras de maltrato físico (ω= .895), Creencias perturbadoras de violencia doméstica (ω= .865), y Creencias perturbadoras de abuso sexual en menores (ω=.848). Conclusión: Se concluye que la Escala para medir Creencias que Perpetúan la Violencia Intrafamiliar presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad.
Introduction: The couple violence is a phenomenon with relevant social and health implications for the victims, and requires validated instruments for its application in forensic context. Objective: The present study has as aim to analyze the psychometric properties of the Scale for Measuring Beliefs that Perpetuate Intrafamiliar Violence. Method: A sample of 1977 women from Arequipa (in Peru) were selected by mean of non-probabilistic methods. Results: The results has confirmed the three factors structure of the Scale for Measuring Beliefs that Perpetuate Intrafamiliar Violence, by confirmatory factor analysis, that count with optimal reliability indexes: Disturbing beliefs of physical maltreatment (ω= .895), Disturbing beliefs of domestic violence (ω= .865), and Disturbing beliefs of sexual abuse in minors (ω= .848). Conclusion: It is concluded that the Scale for Measuring Beliefs that Perpetuate Intrafamiliar Violence has evidence of validity and reliability.
RESUMO
Introducción: El machismo sexual es una forma de discriminación de género basada en creencias, estereotipos y actitudes que limitan la autonomía y devalúan a las personas con base en su género. Objetivo: Conocer la validez de la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del EMS-Sexismo-12, para medir machismo de tipo sexual en población peruana. Método: El diseño del estudio fue instrumental, la muestra fue aleatoria y estuvo conformada por 2470 estudiantes de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Arequipa, de los cuales el 50% fueron hombres, con edad (M =20.53; DE = 2.64) y el otro 50% mujeres, con edad (M= 19.95; DE = 2.27), estudiantes de las áreas de ingenierías y ciencias sociales. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) construida y validada en su versión original en México. Resultados: Los datos fueron analizados a través de un AFC y un estimador WLSMV y matrices policóricas con el software libre Rstudio, encontrando un modelo unidimensional con buenos índices de bondad de ajuste, en hombres (CFI= .924, TLI = .907, SMRM= 0.069) y en mujeres (CFI= .936, TLI = .922, SMRM= 0.051), además, se evidencia confiabilidad por consistencia interna buena, en hombres y mujeres respectivamente (ω = .969; ω = .897), se adjunta baremos por hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: La escala de machismo sexual, muestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad similares y con los mismos ítems en hombres y mujeres de Arequipa, Perú.
Background: Sexual masochism is a form of gender discrimination based on beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes that limit autonomy and devalue individuals based on their gender. Objective: To determine the internal structure validity and reliability of the EMS-Sexism-12 to measure sexual machismo in the Peruvian population. Method: The study used an instrumental design with a convenience sample of 2470 students from a public university in Arequipa, Peru. The sample consisted of 50% men (M = 20.53; SD = 2.64) and 50% women (M = 19.95; SD = 2.27), representing engineering and social science disciplines. The instrument used was the Sexual Machismo Scale (EMS-Sexism-12), originally constructed and validated in Mexico. Results: The data were analysed using CFA and the WLSMV estimator along with polychoric correlation matrices in the open-source software Rstudio. The analysis revealed a unidimensional model with good fit indices for both men (CFI = .924, TLI = .907, SMRM = 0.069) and women (CFI = .936, TLI = .922, SMRM = 0.051). Furthermore, evidence of internal consistency reliability was observed for men and women, respectively (ω = .969; ω = .897). Gender-specific norms are included for reference. Conclusions: The sexual machismo scale shows evidence of similar validity and reliability with the same items in men and women from Arequipa, Peru.
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BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus pandemic has disrupted health systems across the world and led to major shifts in individual behavior by forcing people into isolation in home settings. Its rapid spread has overwhelmed populations in all corners of Latin-American countries resulting in individual psychological reactions that may aggravate the health crisis. This study reports on demographics, self-reported psychological disturbances and associated coping styles during the COVID-19 pandemic for the Peruvian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study uses an online survey with snowball sampling that was conducted after the state of emergency was declared in Perú (on April 2nd). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to identify somatic symptoms, incidence of anxiety/ insomnia, social dysfunction and depression and the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (COPE-28) mapped personal strategies to address recent stress. RESULTS: 434 self-selected participants ranging in age from 18 to 68 years old (Mean age = 33.87) completed the survey. The majority of participants were women (61.30%), aged between 18 and 28 (41.70%), well-educated (> = 85.00%), Peruvian (94.20%), employed (57.40%) and single (71.20%). 40.8% reported psychological distress, expressing fear of coronavirus infection (71.43%). Regression analysis shows that men had lower somatic-related symptom (ß = - 1.87, 95%, CI: - 2.75 to -.99) and anxiety/insomnia symptom (ß = - 1.91, 95% CI: - 2.98 to 0.84) compared to women. The risk for depression and social dysfunction are less likely with increasing age. Educational status was protective against developing psychological conditions (p < 0.05). While active responses (acceptance and social support) are scarcely used by individuals with psychological distress; passive strategies (such as denial, self-distraction, self-blame, disconnection, and venting) are more commonly reported. CONCLUSION: This study provides a better understanding of the psychological health impact occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Peruvian population. About half of the respondents reported psychological distress and poor coping responses. This evidence informs the need for broader promotional health policies focused on strengthening individual's active strategies aiming at improving emotional health and preventing psychiatric conditions, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Autorrelato , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivos: Valorar las propiedades psicométricas del test de Fagerström de dependencia a la nicotina en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Arequipa. Materiales y métodos: Se trabajó con una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de una universidad privada de Arequipa. Todos participaron de manera voluntaria y fueron seleccionados mediante la técnica de muestreo por cuotas. El tamaño de la muestra fue se calculó mediante métodos probabilísticos con un nivel de confianza de 95%, de manera estratificada. Se aplicó el test de Fagerström de dependencia a la nicotina en su versión de seis ítems. Resultados: Participaron 464 estudiantes, el 59,48% eran mujeres y la edad media fue de 20 ±2,29 años. Se pudo determinar la estructura unidimensional del instrumento con índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio. La confiabilidad de la prueba fue 0,86 con la prueba Alfa de Cronbach y de 0,65 con la prueba Omega de McDonald. Conclusión: Se concluye que la prueba cumple con criterios aceptables de validez y confiabilidad y permite identificar a los estudiantes dependientes a la nicotina con puntuaciones iguales o superiores a 2,5.
Objectives: To assess the psychometric capability of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence in a sample comprising college students in Arequipa. Materials and methods: We worked using a sample comprising students enrolled in a private college in Arequipa. All subjects participated in a voluntary fashion, and they were selected using a quota sampling technique. The sample size was calculated using probabilistic methods and a 95% confidence level. The six-item version of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence was administered. Results: Four-hundred and sixty-four students participated, 59.48% wee female, and the mean age was 20 ± 2.29 years. The one-dimensional nature of the instrument was determined using adjusted goodness of fit indexes which were set in place with a confirmatory factorial analysis. Reliability of the test was 0.86 according to Cronbach's alpha test, and it was 0.65 using Mc Donald's Omega test. Conclusion: The test complies with acceptable validity and reliability criteria, and it allows to identify students with dependence to nicotine, particularly those who achieved 2.5 or higher scores.