Development of a Lightweight Crop Disease Image Identification Model Based on Attentional Feature Fusion.

Crop diseases are one of the important factors affecting crop yield and quality and are also an important research target in the field of agriculture. In order to quickly and accurately identify crop diseases, help farmers to control crop diseases in time, and reduce crop losses. Inspired by the application of convolutional neural networks in image identification, we propose a lightweight crop disease image identification model based on attentional feature fusion named DSGIResNet_AFF, which introduces self-built lightweight residual blocks, inverted residuals blocks, and attentional feature fusion modules on the basis of ResNet18. We apply the model to the identification of rice and corn diseases, and the results show the effectiveness of the model on the real dataset. Additionally, the model is compared with other convolutional neural networks (AlexNet, VGG16, ShuffleNetV2, MobileNetV2, MobileNetV3-Small and MobileNetV3-Large), and the experimental results show that the accuracy, sensitivity, F1-score, AUC of the proposed model DSGIResNet_AFF are 98.30%, 98.23%, 98.24%, 99.97%, respectively, which are better than other network models, while the complexity of the model is significantly reduced (compared with the basic model ResNet18, the number of parameters is reduced by 94.10%, and the floating point of operations(FLOPs) is reduced by 86.13%). The network model DSGIResNet_AFF can be applied to mobile devices and become a useful tool for identifying crop diseases.

Low-Temperature Vapor-Phase Anion-Exchange Strategy for Wide-Bandgap Double-Perovskite Cs2AgBiCl6 Films toward Weak Ultraviolet Light Imaging.

Low-temperature synthesis of high-quality, high-stability, wide-bandgap perovskite films by solution methods is still challenging. Herein, large-scale wide-bandgap Cs2AgBiCl6 (CABC) double perovskite films are synthesized by a vapor-phase anion-exchange strategy. By dedicatedly designing an ultrathin TiO2 modification layer between the substrate and double perovskites, high-quality heterojunctions with matched energy band alignment are formed, contributing to a remarkably enhanced ON/OFF ratio of 2.4 × 104 (86 times) and a responsivity of 16 mA W-1 (12 times). Additionally, the ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) exhibit an excellent UV detection limit of 1.18 µW cm-2 (20 nW), a broad linear dynamic range of 146 dB, and a high specific detectivity of 2.06 × 1011 Jones, as well as long-term stability. Finally, we further demonstrate a weak UV imaging system using CABC UV PDs as imaging sensors. The system is capable of imaging weak UV signals as low as 2.94 µW cm-2 (50 nW). Our results provide a feasible approach for low-temperature fabrication of wide-bandgap perovskite UV PDs and explore the promising application for weak UV detection and imaging.

Amidoxime functionalized chitosan for uranium sequestration in vivo.

Amidoxime functionalized chitosan (AC) was recommended as a chelator for uranium sequestration in vivo in this study, and the structure-activity relationship was also explored. Compared with ZnNa3-DTPA, which was a commercial uranium mobilization drug, AC exhibited excellent biocompatibility and uranium removal efficiency, whether by injection or orally, which could reduce the amounts of uranium deposited in kidneys and femurs by up to 43.6% and 32.3%. In particular, ACs still possessed the ability to mobilize uranium in vivo even if administration was delayed for 72 h.

Metabolomics study of the effect of Danggui Buxue Tang on rats with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for 'invigorating qi and enriching blood', has been reported to produce a good effect on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, the related mechanism remains largely undetermined. This study devised a metabolomics approach with GC-MS combined with pattern recognition to estimate the extent to which DBT alleviated CFS induced by food restriction and force swimming in rats. After 4 weeks of treatment, the endurance capability of rats was significantly better, and the motionless time was significantly shorter in the DBT group than in the CFS model group. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased, whereas the levels of malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha decreased in the DBT treatment group. Fifteen significantly changed metabolites were observed in the serum of rats with CFS, which was reversed markedly by DBT treatment. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that DBT could possibly alleviate CFS in rats by regulating the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine, glycerolipid, glyoxylate, dicarboxylate, and tyrosine. It was observed that the metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine was most closely related to the improvement in CFS by DBT treatment. This study showed that DBT could improve CFS effectively, and metabolomics was a powerful means to gain insights into the TCM formulas against CFS.

Analgesic Activity of Jin Ling Zi Powder and Its Single Herbs: A Serum Metabonomics Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic effect of Jin Ling Zi Powder (JLZ) and its two single herbs. METHODS: The hot plate method was used to induce pain. Totally 36 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups by a complete random design, including control, model, aspirin (ASP, 0.14 g/kg body weight), JLZ (14 g/kg body weight), Corydalis yanhusuo (YHS, 14 g/kg body weight), and Toosendan Fructus (TF, 14 g/kg body weight) groups, 6 mice in each group. The mice in the control and model groups were given the same volume of saline, daily for 2 consecutive weeks. At 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the last administration, the pain threshold of mice in each group was measured, and the improvement rate of pain threshold was calculated. Serum endogenous metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in pain threshold among groups before administration (P>0.05). After 2 weeks of administration, compared with the model group, the pain threshold in JLZ, YHS, TF and ASP groups were increased to varying degrees (P<0.05). JLZ had the best analgesic effect and was superior to YHS and TF groups. A total of 14 potential biomarkers were screened in serum data analysis and potential biomarkers levels were all reversed to different degrees after the treatment with JLZ and its single herbs. These potential biomarkers were mainly related to glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and inositol phosphate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: The analgesic mechanism of JLZ and YHS was mainly due to the combination of glycine and its receptor, producing post-synaptic potential, reducing the excitability of neurons, and weakening the afferent effect of painful information.

Metabolomics analysis of serum reveals the effect of Danggui Buxue Tang on fatigued mice induced by exhausting physical exercise.

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), believed to invigorate 'Qi' (vital energy) and nourish 'Blood' (body circulation), is a traditional Chinese medicine formula. In this study, a metabolomics approach with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry combined with pattern recognition was adopted to investigate the underlying mechanism of the antifatigue effect of DBT on fatigue of mice induced by weight-loaded forced swimming. Fourteen endogenous metabolites, up-regulated or down-regulated, were identified in the model mice by analysis tools of partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and XCMS online software. Furthermore, the metabolites were reversed by DBT treatment, offering evidence for the antifatigue effect. In addition, intervention of DBT changed the levels of biochemical parameters. DBT showed obvious efficacy on the fatigued mice possibly by regulating the pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and TCA cycle. This study demonstrated that DBT has a good antifatigue effect and that metabolomics is a powerful means to gain insights into the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine formulas.

Metabonomic analysis of serum reveals antifatigue effects of Yi Guan Jian on fatigue mice using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Yi Guan Jian (YGJ), one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, has been reported to possess significant antifatigue effects. However, the mechanisms underlying its antifatigue effects remain largely unresolved. In this study, a metabonomics approach, involving gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and a multivariate statistical technique, was developed to estimate the extent to which YGJ alleviated the exhausting swimming-induced fatigue of mice. High-dose treatment with YGJ significantly extended the swimming time of fatigued mice. Significant alterations of metabolites involving amino acids, organic acids and carbohydrates were observed in the serum of fatigued mice, which were reversed by YGJ treatment while biochemical indexes returned to normal. These metabolic changes suggest that the antifatigue effect of YGJ is associated with the impairement of amino acid, organic acids and carbohydrates. It also appears that YGJ can induce significant metabolic alterations independent of the exhausting swimming-induced metabolic changes. The significantly altered metabolites induced by YGJ intervention include l-2-amino-acetoacetate, taurine, fumaric acid, malic acid, oxoadipic acid and l-aspartate, all of which are associated with antifatigue properties. This suggests that YGJ exerts chemopreventive effects via antifatigue mechanisms.

[Anti-inflammation effect of Jinlingzi San in rat metabonomics based on 1H-NMR and LC-MS technology].

To further explore the regulatory effect of Jinlingzi San on in vivo inflammatory mechanism during inflammatory treatment, this study adopted 1H-NMR and LC-MS technology to analyze differences in in vivo metabolites of carrageen-induce rat foot swelling model. Besides, biomarkers related to inflammation models of Jinlingzi San in SD rats were discovered to speculate the regulatory mechanism of Jinlingzi San in resisting carrageen-induce inflammation. Through the analysis of detection spectrum, we found 18 biomarkers of metabolites(citrate, pyruvate, malic acid, succinate, glutamate, lysine, tartrate, 2-oxobutyric acid, glycine, guanosine, 9-cis-retinoic acid, triphosphate, inosine 5'-diphosphate, inosine diphosphate, tripolyphosphate, inorganic triphosphate, glycerophosphocholine, 21-deoxycortisol). Relevant pathway analysis results were TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. From the metabolic network, we can see that the anti-inflammatory effect of Jinlingzi San can regulate citric acid, succinic acid and glycine content to resist oxygen free radical and reduce body damage by ROS, so as to down-regulate inflammatory factors generated from body tissues and resist inflammation.

[Subacute toxicity metabonomics of Jinlingzi powder based on LC-MS].

To further understand the metabolic characteristics of Jinlingzi powder toxicity effect in rats and explore the effect of Jinlingzi powder on unknown biological pathways in the treatment process. In this experiment, the effect of three doses of Jinlingzi powder decoction on rat liver and kidney was investigated to explore the characteristics and rules of Jinlingzi powder on in vivo metabonomic changes in rats. First, urine and serum samples of the rats were used for LC-MS analysis. Under the XCMS online analysis, 44 differential substances were found in the identification of metabolites. Finally, Metpa was used for metabolic pathways enrichment and analysis, and five related metabolic pathways were obtained: steroid hormone biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, as well as glutathione metabolism. Metabolic network diagram showed that the toxicity-related pathways were mainly associated with lysine metabolism in living organisms, glucuronic acid conversion, and hormone metabolism, especially the metabolism imbalance of lysine and glutathione would result in the disorder of energy metabolism or oxidative stress regulation, and thus inducing the damage in rats. Subacute toxicity test results for three doses groups (low, middle and high doses) showed that, Jinlingzi powder with doses of 19.7 g•kg⁻¹ and 39.4 g•kg⁻¹ caused obvious toxic effect, indicating Jinlingzi powder could produce toxic effect in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, and cause irreversible damage to the body.

The investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of Yi Guanjian decoction by serum metabonomics approach.

Yi Guanjian (YGJ), one of the Chinese herbal medicines most commonly used in western countries, reported to possess significant anti-inflammatary effects that inhibit the process of inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammation effects remain largely unresolved. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of YGJ and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms by serum metabonomics approach. An xylene-induced mouse right-ear-edema model was used as an inflammatory response in vivo model. Ear edema, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-alpha (TNF-α) were detected. Then, serum metabolic profiling was analyzed and pathway analysis performed on the biomarkers reversed after YGJ administration and further integration of metabolic networks. The results showed that YGJ alleviated ear edema and decreased serum PGE2 and TNF-α levels. Fourteen biomarkers were screened, and the levels were all reversed to different degrees after YGJ administration. These biomarkers were mainly related to linoleic acid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). In metabolic networks, glycine and pyruvate were node molecules. This indicated that YGJ could significantly inhibit inflammatory response triggered by acute local stimulation and exerted anti-inflammatory activity mainly by regulating node molecules.

Metabonomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of carrageenan-induced rats after treatment with Yi-Guan-Jian decoction.

The urinary and plasma metabonomics method based on a Agilent-1200 LC system coupled to an Agilent-6410 mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) had been established to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Yi-Guan-Jian (YGJ) decoction and explore its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism. Rat acute inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan in hind paws. Multivariate statistical approaches, such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and XCMS online software were used to distinguish normal control group (NG), model group (MG), aspirin-treated group (AG) and Yi-Guan-Jian decoction group (YGJ), aimed at finding out the potential biomarkers. There was a clear separation among the four groups in PCA model. Twenty-five potential biomarkers had been identified using PCA, PLS-DA and XCMS online software. Lastly, we had an enrichment for the related metabolic pathways and screened out the pathways that influence the organism a lot in MetPA, then five mainly metabolism: tryptophan metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were found. In this study, YGJ showed good anti-inflammatory effects and it could suppress the changes of pathologic inflammatory cytokines of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (CIE). There might be a correlation between these results and the regulation of the disturbed metabolites in urine and plasma. This study demonstrates that metabonomics is a powerful methodology to gain insight into the mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula in therapy.

[Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics for sedative and hypnotic effect of Banxia Houpo decoction].

Insomnia was a common disease, which might be correlated with γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor mechanism, cytokine regulatory mechanism, excitatory amino acid mechanism and hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor mechanism, but the correlations between these independent mechanisms and pathological characterization were still unclear. To further explore the effect of Banxia Houpo decoction on known or unknown biological pathways during treatment of insomnia, the metabonomics method based on ¹H-NMR was developed for detecting the significant changes in metabolomics after the administration with Banxia Houpo decoction in pentobarbital sodium-induced rat sleeping experiment. Serum and urine samples were analyzed by ¹H-NMR. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out for endogenous small molecule metabolites in urine and serum. H-NMR spectroscopies and relevant metabolites were found and identified by Simca-p 17.0 (Umet-rics, Umea, Sweden) and Chenomx NMR Suite 7.1 (Chenomx, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) software. The result suggests that Banxia Houpo decoction group and indiplon group had significant differences. The load diagram showed the biggest variation metabolites and intergroup significant differences among 10 metabolic substances. According to the experiment, Banxia Houpo decoction group and indiplon group can prolonge the sleeping time of pentobarbital sodium-induced sprague-dawley rats, with a synergistic effect. The significant changes of these biomarkers indicated that the Banxia Houpo decoction could aid sleep by adjusting the content of glutamine, creatine phosphate, 2-oxoglutarate, and reducing the activity of brain nerves.

Meta-analysis of seven randomized control trials to assess the efficacy and toxicity of combining EGFR-TKI with chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC who failed first-line treatment.

BACKGROUND: Some recent clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate a combination of EGFR- TKI with chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC patients as second-line therapy, but the results on the efficacy of such trials are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC who failed first-line treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched relative trials from PubMed, EMBASE, ASCO Abstracts, ESMO Abstracts, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials.gov. Outcomes analyzed were overall response rate (ORR), progression- free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and major toxicity. RESULTS: Seven trails eventually were included in this meta-analysis, covering 1,168 patients. The results showed that the combined regimen arm had a significant higher ORR (RR 1.76 [1.16, 2.66], p=0.007) and longer PFS (HR 0.75 [0.66-0.85], p<0.00001), but failed to show effects on OS (HR 0.88 [0.68- 1.15], p=0.36). In terms of subgroup results, continuation of EGFR-TKI in addition to chemotherapy after first-line EGFR-TKI resistance confered no improvement in ORR (RR 0.95 [0.68, 1.33], p=0.75) and PFS (HR 0.89[0.69, 1.15], p=0.38), and OS was even shorter (HR1.52 [1.05- 2.21], p=0.03). However, combination therapy with EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy after failure of first-line chemotherapy significantly improved the ORR (RR 2.06 [1.42, 2.99], p=0.0002), PFS (HR 0.71 [0.61, 0.82], p<0.00001) and OS (HR 0.74 [0.62- 0.88], p=0.0008), clinical benefit being restricted to combining EGFR-TKI with pemetrexed, but not docetaxel. Grade 3-4 toxicity was found at significantly higher incidence in the combined regimen arm. CONCLUSIONS: Continuation of EGFR-TKI in addition to chemotherapy after first-line EGFR-TKI resistance should be avoided. Combination therapy of EGFR-TKI and pemetrexed for advanced NSCLC should be further investigated for prognostic and predictive factors to find the group with the highest benefit of the combination strategy.

(1)H NMR metabolic profiling analysis offers evaluation of Nilestriol treatment in ovariectomised rats.

Nilestriol (NIL) has been applied to treat menopausal dysfunctions, yet its mechanism has remained unknown. To understand the relationship between the changes in homeostatic metabolites and ovarian oestrogen deficiency syndromes after NIL treatment, proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H NMR)-based metabonomic technologies were used to analyse a rat model of oestrogen deficiency. An orthogonal partial least-squares regression (OPLS) differentiation model was used on 12-week metabolic analyses of ovariectomised (OVX) rats treated or mock treated with NIL. Furthermore, data analysis using Chenomx software quantified results to identify the most significantly altered metabolite concentrations, allowing for metabolic explanations of the effects of NIL therapies. In this study, PLS results revealed that there are considerably distinct differences between treatment groups. Additionally, a total of 45 metabolites shown to have a high variation between groups were selected for target quantification. Using a one-way LSD ANOVA analysis, 32 metabolite concentrations were significantly altered in the OVX group. A total of 21 metabolites were altered significantly in the NIL-treatment group but later returned to normal. According to the OPLS VIP calculation, the metabolites most affected by NIL treatment were mostly involved in insulin resistance. In addition, abnormal concentration changes in lactate in the NIL-treatment group and 3-indoxylsulfate in the OVX group were observed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to address the molecular mechanism of NIL from a metabonomic perspective, and, more specifically, to establish a catalogue of endo-molecular changes effected by NIL in the regulation of oestrogen deficiency disorder.

In vitro kinetic evaluation of the free radical scavenging ability of propofol.

BACKGROUND: Propofol is a widely used, short-acting, and intravenously administered hypnotic agent with notable antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. However, there are relatively few kinetic studies on the free radical scavenging ability of propofol. The goal of this study is to evaluate the kinetics of propofol scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical (ABTS(·+)). METHODS: The stock solution of ABTS(·+) was prepared by incubating 7 mM ABTS with 2.8 mM potassium persulfate in deionized water, and then diluted with 5 mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) to get a working solution (36 µM ABTS(·+) and 18 µM ABTS). The reaction was monitored by measuring specific absorbance changes of ABTS and ABTS(·+) after adding 4 µM propofol (final concentration) to the working solution. The propofol-ABTS(·+) reaction products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Wave scanning and kinetic evaluation demonstrated that the ABTS(·+) scavenging process of propofol is relatively fast. The ABTS(·+) consumption rate by propofol is greater than the rate of ABTS formation. The degradation products of reaction between propofol and ABTS(·+) were mainly ABTS-propofol, a part of the ABTS molecule, and a combination of propofol with a part of the ABTS molecule. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol scavenges ABTS(·+) with a fast and stable kinetic feature in vitro, which is useful and important for understanding propofol's antioxidant properties. The kinetic process of the free radical scavenging activity of propofol may also play a role in dynamic protection in the body.

Preparation and characterization of a novel polymorph of indiplon, Form α.

A new polymorph α of indiplon was discovered, initially prepared by two methods, and further characterized by various means including single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction (VT-PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy and solubility determination. The crystal structure of Form α as analyzed by SCXRD differ from the three previously reported polymorphs, Form I, II, and III. In addition, PXRD and solubility measurements could clearly distinguish between Form α and Form I. Slight differences between the two forms were also detected by FT-Raman. No differences between Form α and I were observed by DSC, which was explained by VT-PXRD results showing a solid-solid phase change from Form α to Form I during the heating process. Solubility measurements at various temperatures showed that the two polymorphs were mutually monotropic and that Form I was the relatively thermodynamically stable crystal form.

[A new triterpenoid fom Radix Pittospori].

To investigate chemical constituents from Radix Pittospori, chloroform extract of the roots was subjected to column chromatography with various chromatographic techniques. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physico-chemical property and spectral analysis. Two triterpenoids were identified as 22-acetyl-21-(2-acetoxy-2-methylbutanoyl)-R1-barrigenol(1) and 3alpha-hydroxyl-20-demethylisoaleuritolic-14(15)-ene-28, 30-dioic acid (2). Compound 1 is a new triterpene and compound 2 is isolated from this plant for the first time.

Metabonomics study of urine from Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to Huang-yao-zi using (1)H NMR spectroscopy.

Urinary metabolic perturbations associated with liver toxicity induced by Huang-yao-zi (root of Dioscorea bulifera L.) were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) to determine the correlations between metabonomic profiling and histopathologic/biochemical observations and to discover biomarkers for liver toxicity. Huang-yao-zi with a maximal tolerance dose (MTD) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 72h followed by metabonomic analysis of urine samples collected at 24 and 72h. The results revealed that the levels of taurine, creatine, betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), acetate, glycine were elevated, whereas, the levels of succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, hippurate and urea were reduced. Partial least square (PLS)-discrimination analysis (DA) of NMR spectra revealed two apparent clusters between control groups and treatment groups, indicating metabolic changes observed in urine samples in response to Huang-yao-zi treatment. In addition, mechanism associated with oxidative injury of hepatic mitochondria was investigated. These results indicated that (1)H NMR-based metabonomics analysis in urine samples may be useful for predicting hepatotoxicity induced by Huang-yao-zi.

[Experimental studies on anticoagulant activity of different extract of leech in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To study the anticoagulant activity of different extracts of Leech. METHODS: Prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were determined by coagulometer for blood samples collected from abdominal vein of Wistar rat. RESULTS: PT, TT, APTT were prolonged remarkably by ethyl acetate part of Leech. PT was prolonged remarkably by hexane part and aqueous solution part of Leech. APTT was prolonged remarkably by n-Butylalcohol part of Leech. CONCLUSION: The different extracts of Leech have obvious anticoagulant effects. There are new anticoagulant components different from hirudin in Leech.