[Spatial and Temporal Scale Effects of Landscape Pattern on Riverine Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients in the Qingshan Lake Watershed].

The influences of landscape pattern on water quality are dependent on spatial-temporal scales. However, the effects of landscape composition, landscape configuration, and landscape slope metrics on seasonal water quality at different spatial scales remain unclear. Based on the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N data from 26 sampling sites in the Qingshan Lake watershed, this study coupled landscape pattern analysis, redundancy analysis, and partial redundancy analysis to quantify the spatiotemporal scale effects of landscape pattern on riverine nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） concentrations. The results showed that： ① The explanatory ability of landscape pattern at the sub-watershed scale on riverine N and P concentrations was 6.8%-8.4% higher than that at the buffer scale, and this effect was more obvious in the dry season. ② At the sub-watershed scale, the percentage of forestland and the interspersion and juxtaposition degree of residential land had a greater influence on riverine N and P concentrations. At the buffer scale, the slope of farmland and residential land and the aggregation degree of forestland patches were the key factors affecting riverine N and P concentrations. ③ The contribution rate of landscape configuration to riverine N and P concentration variations （20.1%-36.5%） was the highest. The sensitivity of the effect of landscape configuration on riverine N and P concentrations to seasonal changes was the highest, and the effect of landscape slope on riverine N and P concentrations had the highest sensitivity to spatial scale changes. Therefore, landscape pattern-regulated non-point source pollution should be considered from a multi-scale perspective. These results can provide scientific basis for the formulation of landscape pattern optimization measures aiming at non-point source pollution control.

Safety and Immunogenicity of a Nonadjuvant Human Papillomavirus Type 6 Virus-like Particle Vaccine in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of a nonadjuvant human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in local Chinese patients. METHODS: Patients with RRP who had undergone surgical treatment before intramuscular administration of an escalating dose of HPV type 6 L1 VLPs (1, 5, and 25 µg at 4 weekly intervals) as part of their treatment were followed up for more than 10 years. Efficacy was assessed by detecting the vaccine-induced type-specific antibody titer, calculating the intersurgical interval, and observing recurrence or remission of papillomas after receiving the vaccine. RESULTS: Nonadjuvant HPV vaccine was generally well tolerated, with no serious vaccine-related adverse episodes. It induced seroconversion for each vaccine-related HPV type. At week 12 (4 weeks after injecting 25 µg), the vaccine-induced type-specific antibody titer was significantly high. Analysis of all patients found a significant increase in the intersurgical interval and decrease in the scores. One patient (16.7%; female) experienced complete remission. Five patients (83.3%) (two males and three females) experienced partial remission. In total, complete or partial remission was achieved in six (100%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of nonadjuvant HPV type 6 L1 VLPs vaccine to RRP was generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic.

[Prevalence of common genetic mutations and clinical characteristics analysis in patients at different ages with nonsyndromic hearing impairment].

To evaluate the correlation between genetic mutations and the age in nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) and the clinical characteristics of NSHI, 215 patients with NSHI were enrolled between April 2006 and April 2012. All patients were divided into four groups according to ages of hearing loss onset and clinic presentation (0-3, 3-6, 6-18 and 18+ years). The mutations of GJB2 and mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) 1555G/C1494T were screened from peripheral blood samples in each age group. The prevalence of mutations and the age ratio were obtained. The study showed that 18.14% of all patients were found to have GJB2 mutations and 11.16% were found to have mtDNA A1555G/C1494T mutations. The prevalence of GJB2 mutation in adult group (5.26%) was lower than juvenile group who sought medical attention at 0-18 years of age (22.36%), while the prevalence of mtDNA A1555G/C1494T in adult group (31.48%) was higher than juvenile group (4.97%). Significant differences in the prevalence of GJB2 (χ2=7.108, P=0.008) and mtDNA A1555G/C1494T (χ2=20.852, P=0.000) were observed in both of two groups. The prevalence of GJB2 mutations between adult and juvenile groups according to ages of hearing loss onset was statistically significant different (0%, 20.10%, respectively, and P=0.023), while the prevalence of mtDNA A1555G/C1494T mutations was not different (14.29%, 11.34%, respectively, and P=0.698). The onset age of 66.67% of patients with GJB2 mutations was less than 1 year old, while the onset of patients with mtDNA A1555G/C1494T mutations could be found at any age group. Different standardizations of hearing loss could also show different results. These data strongly suggest that most of GJB2 mutations are found in congenital deafness and mtDNA A1555G/C1494T mutations mainly represent acquired deafness, which can be induced or aggravated by aminoglycoside antibiotics in all age groups and should be tested mainly ranging from 4 kHz to 8 kHz. Both newborn hearing screening and genetic testing are important to find early deafness.