[Psychological state of Covid-19 patients after resuscitation]. / État psychologique des patients Covid-19 après réanimation.

The epidemic of Covid-19 was characterized, from its beginning, by "emergency". A state of emergency enacted by the state authorities to fight, on one hand, against the pandemic as such and, on the other hand, to manage the influx of patients admitted in intensive care. In this unprecedented context, the suffering of the people goes beyond the emergency situation and persists in forms ranging from a pseudo-banality to the complexity of an insidious evolution.

Clinical condition, Resuscitation and Medical-Psychological Care of Severe COVID-19 patients (part 2).

Respiratory rehabilitation is the penultimate step in the medical management of patients with severe COPD-19. It is an essential step before patients' returning home, and is usually carried out in specialised Follow-up and Rehabilitation Clinics. When discharged from hospital, patients with post-severe COVID-19 usually progress in their medical condition. However, they may remain frail and have a constant fear of possible deterioration leading to (re)hospitalisation and a return to baseline. Psychological support in this phase can reduce patients' anxiety and increase their motivation to carry out daily rehabilitation activities. This support provides a stable and consistent basis for patients to focus on their progress, leaving the difficulties behind. Being aware of the improvements in their physical condition allows them to maintain their motivation to continue to be physically active. Psychological support during respiratory rehabilitation aims at preparing patients to return to the normal life they had before the disease. It is usually based on brief psychotherapies that focus on strengthening the patient's abilities through behavioural changes and through reducing risk behaviours. Only after this phase is it sometimes possible to deal with complex issues and to cope with personality mechanisms and maladaptive behaviour patterns.

La réadaptation respiratoire constitue l'avant-dernier étage dans la prise en charge des patients COVID-19 sévère, une étape essentielle avant de retrouver leur vie quotidienne. L'accompagnement psychologique occupe une place importante dans cette étape. Cette réadaptation s'effectue habituellement dans une clinique de Soins de Suite et de Réadaptation (SSR) spécialisée. On peut généralement affirmer que les patients post-COVID-19 sévère sortis de danger vont progresser. Cette progression peut se décrire à travers le modèle de la spirale ascendante. Ce sont, néanmoins, des patients fragiles, pour lesquels on craint perpétuellement une dégradation rapide des paramètres physiologiques qui risque de les ramener vers une (ré)hospitalisation d'urgence et un retour vers la case de départ. L'accompagnement psychologique empêche les sensations négatives d'occuper le devant de la scène et d'aspirer le patient vers le bas. Il permet de baisser les angoisses et d'augmenter les motivations pour effectuer des activités de réadaptation quotidiennes. De cette manière, cet accompagnement a des retentissements physiologiques importants, permettant aux patients de progresser en voie de guérison, malgré certaines séquelles occasionnées par la maladie. Cet accompagnement psychologique permet, également, de préparer les patients à leur retour à la vie d'avant et d'adoucir l'impact traumatisant des souvenirs douloureux. Le patient peut les regarder de nouveau et leur redonner un sens moins troublant. Le travail psychologique vise à rassurer ces personnes qui ont perdu confiance en leur corps. On tend à favoriser des thérapies brèves qui mettent l'accent sur les renforcements des capacités, sur les changements comportementaux et le sevrage des produits, avant d'agir sur les mécanismes de coping et sur les schémas inadaptés plus profonds.

Clinical condition, resuscitation and medical-psychological care of severe COVID-19 patients (part 1).

This interview covers the clinical and psychological condition of patients afflicted with severe COVID-19 and their pulmonary rehabilitation process. For these patients, symptoms are medically urgent and life-threatening. The sequelae of this viral attack and immune response to it are significant, and often persist for months after discharge from intensive care. To understand the medical and psychological state of these patients, a description is given of the organs affected, the oxygen cycle in the body and the medical care procedures that are used to help patients with dysfunctional respiratory systems. The link between physical and psychological progress is described. Physical weakness results from pulmonary sequelae and deconditioning, and is often experienced by patients as mental fatigue similar to psychological depression. This may draw the patient into a downward spiral, with multiple health aspects deteriorating, independently of the resolution of initial problems. Conversely, a positive physical or psychological evolution may lead to the evolution of the other. Thus, reversing the negative trend for just one system component can delay, completely arrest the spiralling down, or transform it into an upward spiral, improving the patient's condition. In addition, for people undergoing severe COVID-19, the return to normal life could be destabilizing and memories that arise from their crisis state may trigger Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Health and psychosocial professionals hold an important role both in post-hospital care and in secondary prevention, i.e. prevention of relapse and re-hospitalization. Physical rehabilitation work must take these psychological factors into account, in the same way that any psychological follow-up is supposed to consider physiological factors.

Cet entretien porte sur l'état clinique médicopsychologique des patients atteints de COVID-19 sévère et sur leur réadaptation respiratoire. Pour ces patients, les séquelles de l'attaque virale et de la réaction immunitaire sont importantes et apparentes dans les tests fonctionnels et les imageries médicales. Elles persistent souvent quelques mois après la sortie des soins intensifs. Le virus SARS-CoV-2 provoque des atteintes des muqueuses bronchiques et alvéolaires. Le circuit de l'oxygène dans le corps peut être découpé en trois maillons imbriqués: l'ensemble de l'appareil respiratoire, le système cardiovasculaire, les muscles et le métabolisme énergétique. Ces systèmes fonctionnent en interdépendance. Lorsqu'il y a une défaillance de l'un des éléments, les autres sont touchés, pouvant amener l'ensemble à une décompensation. La décompensation respiratoire désigne la défaillance ou l'incapacité du système à fonctionner. Les patients sont hospitalisés en réanimation et bénéficient d'une supplémentation en oxygène, d'un support ventilatoire pour compenser la fatigue des muscles respiratoires et d'un traitement médicamenteux visant à réduire les symptômes et à lutter contre les infections acquises. À la sortie de l'hospitalisation, les patients post-COVID-19 sévère se trouvent dans un état physique et psychologique fébrile. La sensation vécue par ces personnes est celle d'une fatigue physique et mentale ; autrement dit, l'incapacité de trouver des ressources suffisantes pour effectuer des activités simples. Cette fatigue est vécue comme une dépression, une sensation qui elle seule risque d'aspirer le patient dans une spirale descendante : soit d'une fatigue en une absence de motivation, puis de sédentarité en déconditionnement musculaire. Ainsi, il y a un lien étroit qui existe entre progrès physique et renforcement psychologique, les deux sont interdépendants, un déclin dans l'un risque d'entraîner l'autre, mais, à l'inverse, une évolution positive dans l'un fait évoluer l'autre. Se rendre compte de l'amélioration de l'état physique permet de nourrir sa motivation et de trouver de l'énergie permettant de continuer à être physiquement actif. Le travail de réadaptation physique doit tenir compte de ces facteurs psychologiques, de la même manière que tout suivi psychologique doit tenir compte des facteurs physiologiques. Pour les personnes subissant un COVID-19 sévère, le retour à la vie normale peut être déstabilisant et les souvenirs de leur état de crise peuvent déclencher un syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSPT). Les professionnels de la santé et les psychologues jouent un rôle important dans les soins post-hospitaliers et dans la prévention secondaire, c'est-à-dire la prévention des rechutes et des ré-hospitalisations.

Antiplatelet Drugs and Risk of Bleeding After Bedside Pleural Procedures: A National Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The decision-making on antiplatelet drug withdrawal or continuation before performing a pleural procedure is based on the balance between the risk of bleeding associated with the antiplatelet therapy and the risk of arterial thrombosis due to its interruption. Knowledge on antiplatelet therapy-associated risk of bleeding after pleural procedures is lacking. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is the risk of bleeding associated with antiplatelet drugs increased in patients undergoing pleural procedures? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a French multicenter cohort study in 19 centers. The main outcome was the occurrence of bleeding, defined as hematoma, hemoptysis, or hemothorax, during the 24 h following a pleural procedure. Serious bleeding events were defined as bleeding requiring blood transfusion, respiratory support, endotracheal intubation, embolization, or surgery, or as death. RESULTS: A total of 1,124 patients was included (men, 66%; median age, 62.6 ± 27.7 years), of whom 182 were receiving antiplatelet therapy and 942 were not. Fifteen patients experienced a bleeding event, including eight serious bleeding events. The 24-h incidence of bleeding was 3.23% (95% CI, 1.08%-5.91%) in the antiplatelet group and 0.96% (95% CI, 0.43%-1.60%) in the control group. The occurrence of bleeding events was significantly associated with antiplatelet therapy in univariate analysis (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.14-9.66; P = .021) and multivariate analysis (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.01-17.03; P = .044) after adjusting for demographic data and the main risk factors for bleeding. Likewise, antiplatelet therapy was significantly associated with serious bleeding in univariate analysis (OR, 8.61; 95% CI, 2.09-42.3; P = .003) and multivariate analysis (OR, 7.27; 95% CI, 1.18-56.1; P = .032) after adjusting for the number of risk factors for bleeding. INTERPRETATION: Antiplatelet therapy was associated with an increased risk of post-pleural procedure bleeding and serious bleeding. Future guidelines should take into account these results for patient safety.

TNF alpha antagonist therapy and safety monitoring.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and/or update fact sheets about TNFα antagonists treatments, in order to assist physicians in the management of patients with inflammatory joint disease. METHODS: 1. selection by a committee of rheumatology experts of the main topics of interest for which fact sheets were desirable; 2. identification and review of publications relevant to each topic; 3. development and/or update of fact sheets based on three levels of evidence: evidence-based medicine, official recommendations, and expert opinion. The experts were rheumatologists and invited specialists in other fields, and they had extensive experience with the management of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid. They were members of the CRI (Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation), a section of the Société Francaise de Rhumatologie. Each fact sheet was revised by several experts and the overall process was coordinated by three experts. RESULTS: Several topics of major interest were selected: contraindications of TNFα antagonists treatments, the management of adverse effects and concomitant diseases that may develop during these therapies, and the management of everyday situations such as pregnancy, surgery, and immunizations. After a review of the literature and discussions among experts, a consensus was developed about the content of the fact sheets presented here. These fact sheets focus on several points: 1. in RA and SpA, initiation and monitoring of TNFα antagonists treatments, management of patients with specific past histories, and specific clinical situations such as pregnancy; 2. diseases other than RA, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis; 3. models of letters for informing the rheumatologist and general practitioner; 4. and patient information. CONCLUSION: These TNFα antagonists treatments fact sheets built on evidence-based medicine and expert opinion will serve as a practical tool for assisting physicians who manage patients on these therapies. They will be available continuously at www.cri-net.com and updated at appropriate intervals.