Unexpected intermediates and products in the C-F bond activation of tetrafluorobenzenes with a bis(triethylphosphine)nickel synthon: direct evidence of a rapid and reversible C-H bond activation by Ni(0).

The reaction of (PEt(3))(2)Ni(eta(2)-C(14)H(10)), a source of the reactive Ni(PEt(3))(2) moiety, with 1,2,4,5-F(4)C(6)H(2) yields a mixture of three C-F bond activation products that include the unexpected products (PEt(3))(2)NiF-2,3,5,6-F(4)C(6)H and (PEt(3))(2)NiF-2,3,5-F(3)C(6)H(2). Monitoring the reaction mixture via (19)F and (1)H NMR also reveals the presence of the C-H bond activation product, (PEt(3))(2)NiH-2,3,5,6-F(4)C(6)H which is produced in a rapid equilibrium reaction. This observation provides insight into the steps necessary to modify nickel complexes for selective C-F bond activation in a variety of polyfluorinated aromatic substrates, but also expands the potential of simple nickel compounds for C-H bond activation and functionalization reactions.

A novel link between the proteasome pathway and the signal transduction pathway of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).

BACKGROUND: The intracellular signaling events of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) involve the R-Smad family members Smad1, Smad5, Smad8 and the Co-Smad, Smad4. Smads are currently considered to be DNA-binding transcriptional modulators and shown to recruit the master transcriptional co-activator CBP/p300 for transcriptional activation. SNIP1 is a recently discovered novel repressor of CBP/p300. Currently, the detailed molecular mechanisms that allow R-Smads and Co-Smad to co-operatively modulate transcription events are not fully understood. RESULTS: Here we report a novel physical and functional link between Smad1 and the 26S proteasome that contributes to Smad1- and Smad4-mediated transcriptional regulation. Smad1 forms a complex with a proteasome beta subunit HsN3 and the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (Az). The interaction is enhanced upon BMP type I receptor activation and occur prior to the incorporation of HsN3 into the mature 20S proteasome. Furthermore, BMPs trigger the translocation of Smad1, HsN3 and Az into the nucleus, where the novel CBP/p300 repressor protein SNIP1 is further recruited to Smad1/HsN3/Az complex and degraded in a Smad1-, Smad4- and Az-dependent fashion. The degradation of the CBP/p300 repressor SNIP1 is likely an essential step for Smad1-, Smad4-mediated transcriptional activation, since increased SNIP1 expression inhibits BMP-induced gene responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies thus add two additional important functional partners of Smad1 into the signaling web of BMPs and also suggest a novel mechanism for Smad1 and Smad4 to co-modulate transcription via regulating proteasomal degradation of CBP/p300 repressor SNIP1.