Cognitive and Emotional Appraisal of Motivational Interviewing Statements: An Event-Related Potential Study.

The counseling process involves attention, emotional perception, cognitive appraisal, and decision-making. This study aimed to investigate cognitive appraisal and the associated emotional processes when reading short therapists' statements of motivational interviewing (MI). Thirty participants with work injuries were classified into the pre-contemplation (PC, n = 15) or readiness stage of the change group (RD, n = 15). The participants viewed MI congruent (MI-C), MI incongruent (MI-INC), or control phrases during which their electroencephalograms were captured. The results indicated significant Group × Condition effects in the frontally oriented late positive complex (P600/LPC). The P600/LPC's amplitudes were more positive-going in the PC than in the RD group for the MI congruent statements. Within the PC group, the amplitudes of the N400 were significantly correlated (r = 0.607-0.649) with the participants' level of negative affect. Our findings suggest that the brief contents of MI statements alone can elicit late cognitive and emotional appraisal processes beyond semantic processing.

Medical Records: More Than the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

It is the responsibility of each organization, including private practice businesses, to maintain a comprehensive medical records retention policy. While registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) are qualified and competent business owners, navigating through the challenges of proper medical record management can be difficult without a sound policy. A comprehensive medical record retention policy consists of 4 major components: creation, utilization, maintenance, and destruction as well as a retention schedule. Successful implementation of a comprehensive medical record retention policy promotes positive clinician-patient interaction and avoidance of potential legal ramifications.

Essential Academy Resources Support Quality and Expand Practice.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) develops and maintains foundational documents that apply to all registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) and nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered (NDTRs): Scope of Practice for the RDN and NDTR; Standards of Practice in Nutrition Care and Standards of Professional Performance for RDNs and NDTRs; and the Academy and the Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics for the Nutrition and Dietetics Profession. The Quality Management Committee of the Academy has developed resources that assist RDNs and NDTRs in understanding how to work to the fullest extent of their individual scope of practice to increase professional satisfaction, achieve future employment and position goals, and provide safe and reliable services. These resources are the definition of terms list, practice tips and case studies, and scope of practice decision algorithm, which build on Academy foundational documents. They support quality practice by answering questions such as "how can I become more autonomous in my practice" and "how can I use telehealth technology in my practice?" The foundational Academy documents and practice application resources assist all RDNs and NDTRs in recognizing their individual competence and practicing within their scope of practice.

Rehabilitation of injured workers with chronic pain: a stage of change phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to explore the stages of change involved in return to work (RTW) for a group of workers who had been suffering from chronic pain. METHOD: The participants were 67 (mean age = 42.67) injured workers who participated in a six-week RTW program. Assessments of the participants on various measures were conducted before and during the program, and at the end of the follow-up period (3 months post-program). RESULTS: The overall RTW rate of the participants was 65.7%. Most importantly, the participants' RTW outcomes were found to be significantly predicted by their readiness for RTW (action) at the baseline. In the third week, their RTW was significantly predicted by their confidence in returning to work and their readiness for RTW (action). By the sixth week, their RTW outcomes were predicted by their readiness for RTW (pre-contemplation). CONCLUSION: The results enable us to better understand the stage-of-change factors that might influence injured workers' resumption of a productive work role and the rehabilitation process of RTW.

Psychosocial aspects of injured workers' returning to work (RTW) in Hong Kong.

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to explore the psychosocial aspects of injured workers, their self-perceived capacity and how these factors influence their success in Return To Work (RTW). METHOD: Seventy-five subjects were recruited from the Hong Kong Workers' Health Centre and were assessed on three occasions consisting of interviews and four self-rated instruments including the Chinese Lam's Assessment of Employment Readiness (C-LASER), the SF-36 health survey, the Chinese State Trait and the Anxiety Inventory (C-STAI). RESULTS: Results showed that the contemplation and pre-contemplation sub-scores of C-LASER appeared to be the determining factors in predicting subjects' return-to-work status. Subjects who were more "ready for action" (the Actioners) were found to have significantly higher confidence and advocacy in job seeking than the Pre-Contemplators. Their employment readiness was shown to be affected by psychosocial factors such as perceived functioning and bodily pain, DISCUSSION: From this study, the injured workers' employment readiness appeared to associate with their RTW outcomes. Further studies would be needed to find out how the employment readiness of injured workers could be enhanced.

Validation of Lam assessment of employment readiness (C-LASER) for Chinese injured workers.

INTRODUCTION: The Stage-of-Change Model offers a theoretical framework for understanding people's intention to change. The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) was developed to measure one's psychological readiness to return to work after an extended period of unemployment due to disability. METHOD: The present study aimed to validate the Chinese version of LASER using a sample of Chinese industrial injured workers. Ninety subjects with previous history of work-related injuries participated in the study. RESULTS: Principal component analysis revealed a two-factor solution which was found different from the original three-factor structure of LASER. Test retest reliability (ICC) ranged from 0.55 to 0.79. Findings suggested that human capital factors of the workers did not seem to contribute significantly to the participants' readiness to return-to-work. Instead, the perceived pain levels became the major contributing factor. DISCUSSION: The Chinese version LASER was useful for reflecting the readiness of injured workers returning to work. However, the pathology associated with the injuries together with the workers' compensation system might influence the process of change which warrants further study area.

The effect of a "training on work readiness" program for workers with musculoskeletal injuries: a randomized control trial (RCT) study.

BACKGROUND: This is a clinical randomized trail (RCT) to investigate the effects of a three-week training program on work readiness designed for musculoskeletal injured workers with long-term sick leave who had difficulties resuming their work role. The program was planned to help injured workers overcome the psychological and psychosocial problems and to facilitate their Work Readiness on Return to Work (RTW) based on the Employment readiness model. METHODOLOGY: A total of 64 injured workers were recruited and randomly assigned into the training (T) and control (C) groups. Observations were blinded between service providers and evaluators. A three-week intensive training on work readiness program was given to the T group while subjects in the C group were given advice on job placement by social workers in a community work health center. The training program was comprised of individual vocational counseling and group therapy using cognitive behavioral approach to alleviate symptoms of stress, pain and anxiety. The Chinese Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (C-LASER), the Chinese State Trait and Anxiety Inventory (C-STAI) and the Short form of Health Survey (SF-36) were used to evaluate all subjects' psychological health status and behavioral changes on job readiness before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Subjects in the T group showed significant improvement in their work readiness (p < 0.05), level of anxiety (p < 0.05) and their self perception of health status measured by SF-36 (p < 0.02) when compared with subjects in the C group. Control of chronic pain, negative motivation, and anxiety level were some of the key behavioral changes found from the study. CONCLUSION: The TWR program appeared to improve injured workers' motivation and employment readiness. Further study on the employment outcomes of subjects is recommended.

A case-control study of eye injuries in the workplace in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: Eye injury in the workplace is common worldwide. This study proposed to explore both risk and preventive factors re eye injuries in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 239 work-related eye injury patients, and 253 subjects without a history of any eye injury as controls. METHODS: Patients with all incident cases of work-related eye injuries attending the ophthalmology clinics of 3 major public hospitals in Hong Kong during the first 3 months of 2000 were invited to participate. Controls were selected from the general population and were frequency matched to patients based on gender. Patients were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers in the ophthalmology clinics, using a structured questionnaire. Telephone interviews were used for controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk and protective factors associated with eye injuries. RESULTS: Among eye injury cases, 158 patients (66.1%) reported having incurred 1 episode of eye injury during employment, 49 (20.5%) having suffered 2 episodes, and 32 (13.4%) having experienced >/==" BORDER="0">3 eye injuries at work. Most of the patients (85.4%) did not wear any protective devices at the time of injury. Subjects who wore safety glasses regularly were less likely to have eye injuries (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14-0.62). Having a safety requirement for wearing safety glasses was negatively associated with eye injuries (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15-0.62). Multivariate analysis indicated that exposures to certain work hazards and working in the construction industry were positively associated with eye injuries. Subjects who worked longer in their current job, who reported having received job safety training before employment, or whose machines or equipment were maintained or repaired regularly by employers were at lower risk of experiencing eye injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Construction workers and those exposed to multiple hazards may get eye injuries at work. They should be provided with protective devices that are effective in preventing such exposures. Health education and safety training are important in preventing eye injuries. Maintenance and repair of machines and equipment may effectively reduce or eliminate the sources of exposures.