An ultrafast time-resolution method based on picosecond pulsed laser for determining rock fracture toughness at multipoint during the crack propagation.

An innovative ultrafast time-resolution method based on a picosecond pulsed laser was employed to investigate the mode-I crack propagation characteristics of fractured rock. Its time resolution is as fast as the degree of 45 picoseconds. Then, a series of three-point compressive loading tests with this method were conducted on tuff semi-circular bend (SCB) specimens. Based on this method, we found that the mode-I fracture process of the tuff specimens were composed of repeated crack initiation, arrest, and re-initiation. In addition, the experimental results showed that the fracture rates of the tuff specimens in the initial 10 µs were 636 m/s, 663.9 m/s, and 578 m/s. In comparison, the fracture rates of the specimens were 11.19 m/s, 19.23 m/s, 26.79 m/s during the whole fracture process. As a typical heterogeneous material with primary defects, rock has different fracture toughness at different locations. Therefore, we proposed a new method for determining rock fracture toughness at multipoint during the crack propagation. This new method emphasizes the effect of fracture toughness on crack propagation, which enables to determine the fracture toughness at multipoint and is closer to the original definition of fracture toughness.

2-[(4-Chloro-phen-yl)(2-hy-droxy-5-oxo-cyclo-pent-1-en-1-yl)meth-yl]-3-hy-droxy-cyclo-pent-2-en-1-one.

There are two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(17)H(15)ClO(4), in which the dihedral angles between the five-membered rings are 57.3 (1) and 51.4 (1)°. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs in each mol-ecule. In the crystal, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the moleclues into chains along the b axis.