La Théorie Critique De La Race, Un Outil De Lecture Des Relations Ambiguës Entre Les Communautés Francophones En Situation Minoritaire Et Leurs Immigrants Noirs Francophones.

In becoming host communities for Francophone immigrants in the early 2000s, Canada's Francophone minority communities (FMCs) are facing the test of moving away from a predominant ethnic nationalism to an inclusive civic nationalism. The reception and integration of Black and Francophone immigrants is therefore a relevant indicator of the success of this test. Drawing on critical race theory and bricolage methodology, we reconstruct the ambiguous relationship between FMCs and their Black francophone immigrants who are both invited into French society and discriminated against.

En devenant des communautés d'accueil d'immigrants francophones au début des années 2000, les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire du Canada (CFSM) sont confrontées à l'épreuve de l'abandon d'un nationalisme ethnique prédominant au profit d'un nationalisme civique inclusif. L'accueil et l'intégration d'immigrants noirs et francophones constituent donc un indicateur pertinent de la réussite de cette épreuve. En nous basant sur la théorie critique de la race et sur la méthodologie du bricolage, nous restituons les relations ambiguës entre les CFSM et leurs immigrants noirs francophones qui sont à la fois invités à faire société en français et discriminés.

Occupation's Role in Producing Inclusive Spaces: Immigrants' Experiences in Linguistic Minority Communities.

While the "situatedness" of occupation in the context of migration has been explored using various approaches, there remains a need for a holistic and dynamic understanding of the concept of space and the spatiality of occupation. Adopting Lefebvre's theory of the production of space and taking a transactional approach to occupation, we examined the role of immigrants' occupational engagement in the production of Francophone minority community spaces in Metro Vancouver, Canada. We completed a critical ethnography and focus on findings from participant observations and in-depth and go-along interviews with French-speaking immigrants. Findings shed light on the influence of immigrants' occupational engagement on the production of minority spaces. To study the spatiality of occupation comprehensively, we need to move beyond an examination of the immediate environment to address other components of the production of space as well as the interrelation of spaces through occupation.

Navigating Intersecting Forms of Oppression in the Search for Employment.

Opportunities for refugees to engage in occupations within host countries can be constrained by factors such as governmental policies or language barriers (Smith). Female refugees with physical disabilities may experience compounding barriers to participation related to their identity markers. The main aim of this study is to understand the experiences of female refugees with physical disabilities in seeking, preparing for, and obtaining employment. This study used an instrumental case study using semistructured interviews with five primary participants and four caregivers. Thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun) identified five key barriers to securing employment: (a) stigma and discrimination, (b) restrictive traditional labor market, (c) inaccessible and inadequate housing, (d) lack of cohesion and information across services, and (e) English language predominance. Findings highlight complex challenges experienced by the women who faced intersecting systems of oppression and can enable occupational therapists to address barriers associated with occupational injustice by improving services to better meet their needs.

Cultivating social occupations, spaces, and networks: service providers' perspectives on enabling immigrants' social participation / Cultivando ocupações sociais, espaços e redes: as perspectivas dos prestadores de serviços sobre como possibilitar a participação social dos imigrantes

Abstract Introduction Immigrants may experience many barriers to social participation within host societies. Immigrants' integration into Canadian society is supported through government-funded services. Objective In the present study, we explored the perspectives of service providers working in community organizations regarding their role in enabling immigrants' social participation through occupations in British Columbia, Canada. Method Representatives from twenty different organizations providing services to the community participated in a constructivist qualitative study aiming to uncover aspects shaping opportunities for occupational participation provided for immigrants. Results Drawing on semi-structured interviews and using thematic analysis, we identified three main themes relating to cultivating social occupations, spaces, and networks. Findings illustrate that service providers' cultivation of these opportunities can support immigrants' desired social roles and social identities, further enabling their participation in receiving societies. Conclusion Emphasis upon supporting socio-economic integration into society appears to limit a client-centred approach to developing opportunities for social participation through occupation. Implications for occupational therapists and scientists are discussed.

Resumo Introdução Os imigrantes podem enfrentar muitas barreiras à participação social nas sociedades em que são acolhidos. A integração dos imigrantes na sociedade canadense é apoiada por serviços financiados pelo governo. Objetivo No presente estudo, exploramos as perspectivas dos prestadores de serviços que trabalham em organizações comunitárias em relação ao seu papel em permitir a participação social dos imigrantes por meio de ocupações na British Columbia, Canadá. Método Representantes de vinte diferentes organizações que prestam serviços à comunidade participaram de um estudo qualitativo construtivista com o objetivo de discutir aspectos que configuram as oportunidades de participação ocupacional oferecidas aos imigrantes. Resultados A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e por meio da análise temática, identificamos três temas principais relacionados ao cultivo de ocupações, espaços e redes sociais. Conclusão A ênfase no apoio à integração socioeconômica na sociedade parece limitar uma abordagem centrada no cliente para desenvolver oportunidades de participação social por meio da ocupação. Implicações para terapeutas ocupacionais e cientistas ocupacionais são discutidas.

Toward Understanding Person-Place Transactions in Neighborhoods: A Qualitative-Participatory Geospatial Approach.

Background and Objectives: Emerging research regarding aging in neighborhoods emphasizes the importance of this context for well-being; however, in-depth information about the nature of person-place relationships is lacking. The interwoven and complex nature of person and place points to methods that can examine these relationships in situ and explore meanings attached to places. Participatory geospatial methods can capture situated details about place that are not verbalized during interviews or otherwise discerned, and qualitative methods can explore interpretations, both helping to generate deep understandings of the relationships between person and place. This article describes a combined qualitative-geospatial approach for studying of older adults in neighborhoods and investigates the qualitative-geospatial approach developed, including its utility and feasibility in exploring person-place transactions in neighborhoods. Research Design and Methods: We developed and implemented a qualitative-geospatial approach to explore how neighborhood and person transact to shape sense of social connectedness in older adults. Methods included narrative interviews, go-along interviews, and global positioning system tracking with activity/travel diary completion followed by map-based interviews. We used a variety of data analysis methods with attention to fully utilizing diverse forms of data and integrating data during analysis. We reflected on and examined the utility and feasibility of the approach through a variety of methods. Results: Findings indicate the unique understandings that each method contributes, the strengths of the overall approach, and the feasibility of implementing the approach. Discussion and Implications: The developed approach has strong potential to generate knowledge about person-place transactions that can inform practice, planning, policy, and research to promote older adults' well-being.

A photovoice study of school belongingness among high school students in Norway.

Although high school graduation is important for living conditions and health throughout life, many students do not complete. In Norway's northern most county, Finnmark, up to 45% of students do not complete high school. Contrary to prior research that has primarily focused on causes for dropout, this study's aim was to deepen understanding of factors that support high school attendance. A strengths-based participatory approach using photovoice addressed attendance factors as perceived by seven participating students from one high school in Finnmark. Qualitative content analysis of data generated through group dialogue about participant-generated photos and individual interviews identified six factors important for students' school attendance: a supportive school environment, a good learning environment, recuperation and recreation, family and friends, goals and ambitions, and place attachment. Related aspects of a supportive environment and belongingness, where school staff made important contributions to promoting a positive environment, were essential.

Expanding beyond individualism: Engaging critical perspectives on occupation.

BACKGROUND: Perspectives that individualize occupation are poorly aligned with socially responsive and transformative occupation-focused research, education, and practice. Their predominant use in occupational therapy risks the perpetuation, rather than resolution, of occupational inequities. AIM: In this paper, we problematize taken-for-granted individualistic analyses of occupation and illustrate how critical theoretical perspectives can reveal the ways in which structural factors beyond an individual's immediate control and environment shape occupational possibilities and occupational engagement. METHOD: Using a critically reflexive approach, we draw on three distinct qualitative research studies to examine the potential of critical theorizing for expanding beyond a reliance on individualistic analyses and practices. RESULTS: Our studies highlight the importance of addressing the socio-historical and political contexts of occupation and demonstrate the contribution of critical perspectives to socially responsive occupational therapy. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: In expanding beyond individualistic analyses of occupation, critical perspectives advance research and practices towards addressing socio-political mediators of occupational engagement and equity.

Qualitative-Geospatial Methods of Exploring Person-Place Transactions in Aging Adults: A Scoping Review.

Purpose: Research exploring how places shape and interact with the lives of aging adults must be grounded in the places where aging adults live and participate. Combined participatory geospatial and qualitative methods have the potential to illuminate the complex processes enacted between person and place to create much-needed knowledge in this area. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify methods that can be used to study person-place relationships among aging adults and their neighborhoods by determining the extent and nature of research with aging adults that combines qualitative methods with participatory geospatial methods. Design and Methods: A systematic search of nine databases identified 1,965 articles published from 1995 to late 2015. We extracted data and assessed whether the geospatial and qualitative methods were supported by a specified methodology, the methods of data analysis, and the extent of integration of geospatial and qualitative methods. Results: Fifteen studies were included and used the photovoice method, global positioning system tracking plus interview, or go-along interviews. Most included articles provided sufficient detail about data collection methods, yet limited detail about methodologies supporting the study designs and/or data analysis. Implications: Approaches that combine participatory geospatial and qualitative methods are beginning to emerge in the aging literature. By more explicitly grounding studies in a methodology, better integrating different types of data during analysis, and reflecting on methods as they are applied, these methods can be further developed and utilized to provide crucial place-based knowledge that can support aging adults' health, well-being, engagement, and participation.

Making difficult decisions: Immigrants' experiences of employment preparation and participation.

BACKGROUND: Immigrants engage in complex integration processes that are mediated through daily occupations. A central element of socio-economic integration relates to labor market preparation and participation, including job searching, learning cultural values in the workplace, pursuing credential recognition and engaging in volunteering roles and paid employment. OBJECTIVE: To examine how immigrants experienced occupations relating to preparing for, seeking, and gainingemployment. METHODS: A secondary analysis using whole text analysis and line-by-line coding of twenty verbatim transcripts from interviews held with ten recently arrived immigrants to London, Ontario, Canada. Sessions consisted of a narrative interview, creation of an occupational map and a semi-structured follow-up interview. RESULTS: The participants' employment related occupations were characterized by the overarching theme of 'making difficult decisions'. This main theme was connected to four related sub-themes: 1) mechanisms of exclusion, 2) learning the host country's culture, 3) the influence of one's outlook on the decisions made, and 4) accessing support. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies factors influencing immigrants' experiences of labor market preparation and participation. 'Making difficult decisions' was faced by all participants throughout the process of becoming part of the Canadian workforce and, ultimately, society at large.

Occupational experiences of forced migrants: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: International or internal migration as a result of unexpected circumstances, such as that experienced by forced migrants (i.e. refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons), can disrupt established occupations. Occupational therapists have the potential to improve quality of life by re-establishing lost occupations. Research on forced migrants has been increasing within the occupation-based literature and has the potential to inform practice with this population. Our aim was to identify and synthesise current knowledge of the occupational experiences of forced migrants. METHODS: This scoping review was conducted using the framework articulated by Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005; 8, 19). Inclusion criteria for selected articles included peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2003 and 2014 that focussed on forced migrant populations and that were written from an occupational perspective. Exclusion criteria consisted of grey literature as well as articles focussed more broadly on immigrants in general, and that failed to adopt occupation as a central construct. RESULTS: Based on a total of 320 studies that were identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Six themes emerged as a result of the data extraction and synthesis process: occupational deprivation, occupational imbalance, occupational adaptation, occupational change, efforts to maintain and re-establish identity, and outlook for the future. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This scoping review outlines key factors that affect forced migrants' occupational experiences and highlights gaps in the current literature. The results point towards potential practice implications for occupational therapists working with forced migrant populations to help promote culturally safe approaches.

Extending Beyond Qualitative Interviewing to Illuminate the Tacit Nature of Everyday Occupation: Occupational Mapping and Participatory Occupation Methods.

The study of human occupation requires a variety of methods to fully elucidate its complex, multifaceted nature. Although qualitative approaches have commonly been used within occupational therapy and occupational science, we contend that such qualitative research must extend beyond the sole use of interviews. Drawing on qualitative methodological literature, we discuss the limits of interview methods and outline other methods, particularly visual methods, as productive means to enhance qualitative research. We then provide an overview of our critical ethnographic study that used narrative, visual, and observational methods to explore the occupational transitions experienced by immigrants to Canada. We describe our use of occupational mapping and participatory occupation methods and the contributions of these combined methods. We conclude that adopting a variety of methods can enable a deeper understanding of the tacit nature of everyday occupation, and is key to advancing knowledge regarding occupation and to informing occupational therapy practice.

Directions for advancing the study of work transitions in the 21st century.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to share the details, outcomes and deliverables from an international workshop on work transitions in London, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Researchers, graduate students, and community group members met to identity ways to advance the knowledge base of strategies to enhance work participation for those in the most disadvantaged groups within society. METHODS: A participatory approach was used in this workshop with presentations by researchers and graduate students. This approach included dialogue and discussion with community members. In addition, small group dialogue and debate, world cafe discussions, written summaries of group discussion and reflection boards were used to bring new ideas to the discussion and to build upon what we know. FINDINGS: Two research imperatives and six research recommendations were identified to advance global dialogue on work transitions and to advance the knowledge base. Occupational justice can be used to support future research directions in the study of work transitions. CONCLUSIONS: Moving forward requires a commitment of community of researchers, clinicians and stakeholders to address work disparities and implement solutions to promote participation in work.