Mechanisms mediating ethnoracial discrimination and suspiciousness in Asian, Black, and Hispanic United States college students.

BACKGROUND: Despite the robust relationship between ethnoracial discrimination and positive psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) like subclinical suspiciousness in adulthood, the underlying mechanisms remain underexamined. Investigating the mechanisms previously implicated in trauma and positive PLEs - including negative-self schemas, negative-other schemas, perceived stress, dissociative experiences, and external locus of control - may inform whether ethnoracial discrimination has similar or distinct effects from other social stressors. METHOD: We examined the indirect effects of experiences of discrimination (EOD) to suspicious PLEs and total positive PLEs through negative-self schemas, negative-other schemas, perceived stress, dissociative experiences, and external locus of control in Asian (nAsian = 268), Black (nBlack = 301), and Hispanic (nHispanic = 129) United States college students. RESULTS: Among Asian participants, results indicated a significant indirect effect of EOD to suspicious PLEs and EOD to positive PLEs via perceived stress, and EOD to positive PLEs via negative-self schemas. Among Hispanic participants, results indicated a significant indirect effect of EOD to suspicious PLEs and EOD to positive PLEs via dissociative experiences. No mechanisms appeared significant in Black participants nor were any significant direct effects observed across models, despite them reporting significantly greater experiences of ethnoracial discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest some shared but potentially distinct mechanisms contribute to increased suspicious PLEs and positive PLEs in Asian, Black, and Hispanic college students, with results differing by group, compared to the mechanisms underlying trauma and positive PLEs, with implications for the treatment of PLEs in college students exposed to ethnoracial discrimination.

Immune and oxidative stress biomarkers in pediatric psychosis and psychosis-risk: Meta-analyses and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: While genetic and cohort studies suggest immune and reduction/oxidation (redox) alterations occur in psychosis, less is known about potential alterations in children and adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to identify immune and redox biomarker studies in children and adolescents (mean age ≤ 18 years old) across the psychosis spectrum: from psychotic like experiences, which are common in children, to threshold psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. We conducted meta-analyses when at least three studies measured the same biomarker. RESULTS: The systematic review includes 38 pediatric psychosis studies. The meta-analyses found that youth with threshold psychotic disorders had higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (Hedge's g = 0.40, 95 % CI 0.17 - 0.64), tumor necrosis factor (Hedge's g = 0.38, 95 % CI 0.06 - 0.69), C-reactive protein (Hedge's g = 0.38, 95 % CI 0.05 - 0.70), interleukin-6 (Hedge's g = 0.35; 95 % CI 0.11 - 0.64), and total white blood cell count (Hedge's g = 0.29, 95 % CI 0.12 - 0.46) compared to youth without psychosis. Other immune and oxidative stress meta-analytic findings were very heterogeneous. CONCLUSION: Results from several studies are consistent with the hypothesis that signals often classified as "proinflammatory" are elevated in threshold pediatric psychotic disorders. Data are less clear for immune markers in subthreshold psychosis and redox markers across the subthreshold and threshold psychosis spectrum. Immune and redox biomarker intervention studies are lacking, and research investigating interventions targeting the immune system in threshold pediatric psychosis is especially warranted.

Commentary: Schizophrenia prevention and prodromal psychosis in children and adolescents.

Catalan and colleagues aggregated findings related to detection, prognosis, and intervention in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) children and adolescents through October 7, 2019 (Catalan et al., 2020). While a sufficient number of studies were available to meta-analytically summarize evidence on detection and prognosis, the authors highlight the need for more studies on interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, in CHR-P youth. Further research on the biological and neural correlates of CHR-P in children and adolescents is also needed. Though results from the few existing biomarker studies in CHR-P youth were included in the systematic review, disparate study methodologies and outcomes prohibited biomarker study meta-analysis.

Pennsylvania coordinated specialty care programs for first-episode psychosis: 6- and 12-month outcomes.

AIM: Pennsylvania (PA) first-episode psychosis (FEP) program evaluation is a statewide initiative, supported by the PA Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (PA-OMHSAS) and administered by PA Early Intervention Center/Heads Up, which evaluates fidelity and outcomes of PA Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) programs. Programs participate in standard computerized measures of CSC outcomes using centralized informatics. The aims of the current report are to describe implementation of this core battery for program evaluation in PA and to present 6- and 12-month outcomes. METHODS: Participants (n = 697) from nine PA CSC programs completed the core battery at admission. The battery was re-administered at 6- and 12-month follow-up, and data were analysed for individuals (n = 230) who had completed 12-months of treatment. Domains assessed via clinician report and/or self-report included symptoms, role and social functioning, self-perceived recovery and service utilization. RESULTS: PA FEP CSC participants showed improvement over time in several domains, including decreased symptoms, higher role and social functioning, decreased hospitalizations, and improved self-perception of recovery, quality of life, and services satisfaction. Trends towards improvements were observed for participant happiness, hopelessness, and school-enrolment. Nearly all improvements were observed at 6-month follow-up, with earlier gains maintained at 12-months. CONCLUSIONS: PA FEP CSC programs demonstrate the ability to assess and improve critical outcomes of coordinated specialty care in PA. Improved outcomes by 12 months in treatment provides evidence of an effective treatment model and supports the continuation of these programs in pursuit of our goal of reducing schizophrenia disease burden on individuals and society.

Association of anxiety phenotypes with risk of depression and suicidal ideation in community youth.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety symptoms are common in adolescence and are often considered developmentally benign. Yet for some, anxiety presents with serious comorbid nonanxiety psychopathology. Early identification of such "malignant" anxiety presentations is a major challenge. We aimed to characterize anxiety symptoms suggestive of risk for depression and suicidal ideation (SI) in community youths. METHODS: Cross-sectional associations were evaluated in community youths (n = 7,054, mean age: 15.8) who were assessed for anxiety, depression, and SI. We employed factor and latent class analyses to identify anxiety clusters and subtypes. Longitudinal risk of anxiety was evaluated in a subset of 330 youths with longitudinal data on depression and SI (with baseline mean age of 12.3 years and follow-up mean age of 16.98 years). OUTCOMES: Almost all (92%) adolescents reported anxiety symptoms. Data-driven approaches revealed anxiety factors and subtypes that were differentially associated with depression and SI. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that panic and generalized anxiety symptoms show the most robust associations with depression and SI. Longitudinal, multivariate analyses revealed that panic symptoms during early adolescence, not generalized anxiety symptoms, predict depression and SI for later adolescent years, particularly in males. INTERPRETATION: Anxiety is common in youths, with certain symptom clusters/subtypes predicting risk for depression and SI. Panic symptoms in early adolescence, even below disorder threshold, predict high risk for late adolescent depression and SI.

In-session emotional expression predicts symptomatic and panic-specific reflective functioning improvements in panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy.

In panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP), exploration and interpretation of avoided and conflicted emotions and fantasies surrounding anxiety are thought to promote panic-specific reflective functioning (PSRF), which drives panic disorder improvements. Patient emotional expression within a session may be a marker of engaged processing and experiencing of affectively charged material. Degree of in-session expressed emotion, indicating both verbal and nonverbal emotions, was examined across three early therapy sessions for prediction of subsequent outcomes. We further investigated whether personality disorder traits, theorized to relate to constricted (obsessive-compulsive) or heightened (borderline) emotions, moderated this relationship. Emotional expression in Sessions 2, 5, and 10 of a 24-session PFPP protocol was assessed by blinded observers in 44 patients randomized to PFPP in a two-site randomized controlled trial of psychotherapies for panic disorder. Robust regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between average emotional expression across the measured sessions and symptom and PSRF changes subsequent to the sampled sessions, as well as moderation by personality disorder criteria, controlling for early outcomes. Higher levels of emotional expression across the early sessions predicted greater subsequent symptom and PSRF improvement. Elevations in expression of grief/sadness drove the symptomatic finding. Patients meeting more borderline criteria experienced a smaller and potentially negative relationship between emotional expression and symptom improvement. Emotional expression in PFPP may be an indicator of positive therapy process for patients without comorbid borderline personality traits, predicting prospective improvements in both a key mediator (PSRF) and symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).