How women differently felt guilt from men in Korea: Focusing on the influence of demographic factors and leisure motivation.

Although leisure provides numerous advantages, people sometimes feel guilty while engaging in leisure. The study objective was to explore the gender differences in the effects of socio-demographic factors and motivational factors on leisure guilt in Korea. Results showed that socio-demographic factors and leisure motivations influenced leisure guilt and the influence of these factors was different by gender. While age, number of children, and household income significantly influenced men's leisure guilt, only leisure expenditure did for women. When motivation was entered, only development and separation motivation were significant for men and adventure and relaxation motivation were significant for women.

Self-Construal Differences in Chile and South Korea: A Brief Report.

Latin American and East Asian cultures are generally considered to be collectivistic cultures. However, there are very few cross-cultural studies contrasting these two cultures against each other, as most studies in this field compare them to Western culture. Self-construal is one of the most used constructs to explain cultural differences, elucidating whether individuals of a cultural group see themselves as independent of their environment and others, focusing on personal motivations, or interdependent of others and their context, recognizing their role within it. This study intends to compare the self-construal of Chileans and South Koreans and observe the variability in the presence of these dimensions in these two cultures. A total of 200 participants from Chile and South Korea responded to the Self-Construal Scale. Chileans presented significantly higher scores on independent and interdependent self-construal simultaneously when compared to South Koreans. Also, Chileans presented higher scores on independent self-construal than on interdependent self-construal, while Koreans did not show a preference for either dimension. These results are consistent with previous studies on Chileans, implying that not all Latin American countries would adhere to collectivism.

Catching up with wonderful women: The women-are-wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies.

Inequalities between men and women are common and well-documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies-there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women-are-wonderful effect-that women are evaluated more positively than men overall-is also common. Cross-cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self-reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women-are-wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.

Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals.

Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones-they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE's uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling-in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.

Is reading sexual intention truly functional? The impact of perceiving a partner's sexual intention on courtship initiation behaviors.

The present research examined the presumed but not tested behavioral functions of sexual intent perception. Sex differences in the perception of a partner's sexual intention have been explained by its functions, from an evolutionary perspective, in males' and females' divergent mating goals. Our research directly explored the functional explanation in terms of behavioral impact by testing whether sex differences in sexual intent perception could lead to successful courtship behaviors. In Study 1, 411 college students reported their preferred courtship-initiating behaviors in hypothetical situations in which their own sexual motivation and their perceptions of a potential partner's sexual intention varied. The results showed that females' courtship behaviors were influenced only by their own sexual motivation whereas males' behaviors were influenced by both their own sexual motivation and their perception of a potential partner's sexual intent. Study 2 examined whether a participant's perception of a potential partner's sexual intention resulted in the participant selecting the specific courtship strategies that could eventually lead to successful mating opportunities. We compared the behavioral strategies preferred by courtship initiators (Study 1) to the reactions of courtship targets toward these same strategies (collected from 103 college students in Study 2) when the target's sexual intention and the initiator's perception of it matched. The results showed that only one condition-male initiators whose perception of the target's sexual intent corresponded with the target's actual intent-utilized effective courtship behaviors. The findings were consistent with the functional prediction and their theoretical implications for the evolutionary perspective were discussed.