Should We Be Testing for Mycoplasma genitalium on Initial Presentation? Trends in Persistent/Recurrent Urethritis Among Men Presenting for Care in STD Clinics, 2015-2019, STD Surveillance Network.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma genitalium is a major contributor to persistent/recurrent urethritis cases. However, there are limited published studies on recent trends of persistent/recurrent urethritis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of men presenting with symptomatic urethritis in 16 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics from 2015 to 2019. Poisson regression was used to assess trends in the annual proportions of urethritis episodes with follow-up (FU) characterized with persistent/recurrent urethritis symptoms. Results were also stratified by results of chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NG) testing and treatment prescribed. RESULTS: There were 99,897 urethritis episodes, from 67,546 unique men. The proportion of episodes with persistent/recurrent symptomatic FU visits increased 50.8% over a 4-year period (annual percentage change [APC], 11.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.5-16.3). Similar trends were observed in nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis episodes (APC, 12.7%; 95% CI, 6.8-18.9) but increases among those positive for NG (APC, 12.1%; 95% CI, -2.3 to -28.5) or for CT (APC, 7.3%; 95% CI, -6.7 to 23.5) were not statistically significant. Among episodes who received azithromycin as first-line treatment, increases in the proportion of persistent/recurrent FU visits were observed (APC, 12.6%; 95% CI, 8.6-16.7). For episodes where first-line treatment was doxycycline, no significant increases were detected (APC, 4.3%; 95% CI, -0.3 to 9.2). CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in the proportion of urethritis episodes with persistent or recurrent symptoms over time. Given these observed trends in episodes negative for NG or CT, an etiology not detectable by routine diagnostics was a likely factor in increased persistence, suggesting patients with urethritis may benefit from diagnostic testing for M. genitalium during an initial symptomatic presentation.

Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Positivity and the Potential for Missed Extragenital Gonorrhea With Concurrent Urethral Chlamydia Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics-Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Extragenital gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) are usually asymptomatic and only detected through screening. Ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is the recommended GC treatment; monotherapy (azithromycin or doxycycline) is recommended for CT. In urethral CT-positive/urethral GC-negative persons who are not screened extragenitally, CT monotherapy can lead to GC undertreatment and may foster the development of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance. We assessed urethral and extragenital GC and CT positivity among men who have sex with men (MSM) attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. METHODS: We included visit data for MSM tested for GC and CT at 30 sexually transmitted disease clinics in 10 jurisdictions during January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2019. Using an inverse-variance random effects model to account for heterogeneity between jurisdictions, we calculated weighted test visit positivity estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for GC and CT at urethral and extragenital sites, and extragenital GC among urethral CT-positive/GC-negative test visits. RESULTS: Of 139,718 GC and CT test visits, we calculated overall positivity (GC, 16.7% [95% CI, 14.4-19.1]; CT, 13.3% [95% CI, 12.7-13.9]); urethral positivity (GC, 7.5% [95% CI, 5.7-9.3]; CT, 5.2% [95% CI, 4.6-5.8]); rectal positivity (GC, 11.8% [95% CI, 10.4-13.2]; CT, 12.6% [95% CI, 11.8-13.4]); and pharyngeal positivity (GC, 9.1% [95% CI, 7.9-10.3]; CT, 1.8% [95% CI, 1.6-2.0]). Of 4566 urethral CT-positive/GC-negative test visits with extragenital testing, extragenital GC positivity was 12.5% (95% CI, 10.9-14.1). CONCLUSIONS: Extragenital GC and CT were common among MSM. Without extragenital screening of MSM with urethral CT, extragenital GC would have been undetected and undertreated in approximately 13% of these men. Undertreatment could potentially select for antimicrobial resistance. These findings underscore the importance of extragenital screening in MSM.

Decreased Susceptibility to Azithromycin in Clinical Shigella Isolates Associated with HIV and Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases, Minnesota, USA, 2012-2015.

Shigellosis outbreaks caused by Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (DSA-Shigella) among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported worldwide. We describe sexual health indicators and antimicrobial drug resistance for shigellosis cases in Minnesota, USA. We analyzed a sample of isolates received during 2012-2015 and cross-referenced cases with the Minnesota Department of Health Sexually Transmitted Disease Database to ascertain patients' HIV status and recent chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis infections. Of 691 Shigella isolates, 46 (7%) were DSA-Shigella; 91% of DSA-Shigella patients were men, of whom 60% were living with HIV. Among men, those with DSA-Shigella infection had greater odds of living with HIV, identifying as MSM, or having a recent diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease. DSA-Shigella was associated with MSM, HIV infection, and recent sexually transmitted disease. To decrease spread of DSA-Shigella, interventions targeted at communities at high risk are needed.

Pharyngeal Gonococcal Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Network of Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics; Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network-January 2016 to June 2018.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using sexually transmitted disease clinic data to determine test of cure rates among persons diagnosed with pharyngeal gonococcal infections who were treated with a nonceftriaxone, nonazithromycin therapy. Less than 10% returned for a test of cure, highlighting the need to understand factors that can lead to improved compliance.