Factors affecting vitiligo response to treatment: do MiRNA 196a2C/T gene polymorphism and serum tyrosinase levels have any role?

BACKGROUND: Factors contributing to the pathogenesis of vitiligo and factors affecting its response to treatment are still a major area of debate. AIM OF THE WORK: The study aimed to assess the serum levels of tyrosinase and Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) gene polymorphism in a sample of Egyptian vitiligo patients, and to determine factors affecting the response of vitiligo to treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective case-control interventional study included 212 non-segmental vitiligo patients and 96 control subjects. Before treatment, vitiligo was evaluated using Vitiligo Area Severity Index. Detection of miRNA 196a-2 polymorphism was done using PCR-REELP and serum tyrosinase was measured using ELISA. After treatment, patients were reevaluated clinically and serum tyrosinase levels were re-measured. RESULTS: The tyrosinase levels were significantly elevated in patients. The TT genotype was the most prevalent one in the patients. The percentage of improvement showed a significant positive correlation with patients' ages and age of the disease onset and a negative correlation with disease duration, baseline VASI scores and serum tyrosinase levels. CONCLUSION: MiRNA 196a-2 C/T (11614913) gene polymorphism and the elevated serum tyrosinase levels might be related to the pathogenesis of vitiligo and may affect its therapeutic response.

Nd:YAG laser vs IPL in inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesion treatment.

BACKGROUND: Several topical and systemic therapies are available for the treatment of acne vulgaris but are associated with several limitations, and recently, intense pulse light (IPL) and long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser have shown efficacy. AIMS: The current study aimed to compare the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser and IPL in inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory facial acne were assigned randomly and equally into two groups, the Nd:YAG and IPL groups. The patients received three sessions of laser 2 weeks apart, and the clinical improvement was assessed by the reduction in the number of lesions. RESULTS: At baseline, the two groups showed a nonsignificant difference as regards total number (P = .476), inflammatory (P = .457), and noninflammatory lesions (P = .420). The improvement in total lesions was significant in the Nd:YAG Group but nonsignificant in the IPL Group (P < .001, P = .13, respectively). Three patients (20%) in the IPL Group showed exacerbation after the first and second sessions. One month after the last session, the difference in improvement between noninflammatory and inflammatory lesions showed a significant difference in the Nd:YAG Group (P = .017) and a nonsignificant difference in the IPL Group (P = .823). Nd:YAG, compared to the IPL Group, showed a significant difference as regards the improvement score in noninflammatory lesions (P = .0099) and a nonsignificant difference in inflammatory lesions (P = .4295). CONCLUSION: The significant improvement in noninflammatory lesions and the absence of a significant flare-up of acne as seen among patients treated with IPL make Nd:YAG a better therapeutic modality for acne.

Serum biotin and zinc in male androgenetic alopecia.

BACKGROUND: Male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA) is caused by the conversion of the terminal to vellus hair. Zinc is one of the most studied trace elements in hair disorders and biotin is one of the most prescribed supplement for its treatment. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate serum zinc and biotin levels in MAGA patients to answer the question if there is a value to add zinc or biotin as a supplements in the MAGA treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty MAGA patients and 60 age, sex, and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers were included. We measured serum biotin and zinc in all participants. RESULTS: Zinc (µg/dL) was lower significantly in patients compared to controls (P = 0.01), suboptimal biotin (ng/L) levels were in patients, and within normal values in controls (P = 0.01). A positive significant correlation was found between serum zinc and serum biotin (r = 0.489, P = 0.001). Serum zinc and biotin showed a nonsignificant correlation with age and disease duration. A non-significant relation was obtained between the MAGA grades, and zinc (P = 0.485) and biotin levels (P = 0.367). CONCLUSIONS: Serum zinc showed subnormal value and adding zinc supplement in MAGA treatment is recommended. Serum biotin showed a suboptimal level in MAGA patients that is not correlated with patients' age or disease severity. Biotin supplement in MAGA treatment may add value to hair quality and texture. We recommend future biotin evaluation in serum combined with its metabolites in MAGA patients' urine.

The relation between androgenetic thin hair diagnosed by trichoscope and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia carries a major cosmetic disfigurement and benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with many urinary tract symptoms and both diseases are mediated by dihydrotestosterone. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine the relationship between hair diameter in androgenetic alopecia diagnosed, by trichoscope, to benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms and signs. METHODS: Fifty androgenetic alopecia males and 50 normal males as control were included. We used trichoscope for hair examination, transrectal ultrasound for prostate volume, and urodynamic inspectoscope for urinary symptoms, serum total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and total prostatic specific antigen were measured in blood samples. All participants answered the International prostate symptom score questionnaire and the International Index of Erectile Function score questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant difference between patient and control groups was detected as regards hair thickness (P = 0.001), prostatic volume (P = 0.013), urinary symptoms, prostatic specific antigen level (P = 0.015). A significant difference was detected between thin (<0.03 mm, n = 26) and medium to thick hair (>0.03, n = 24) subgroups of patients as regards age (P = 0.001), dihydrotestosterone level (P = 0.001), testosterone level (P = 0.001), and urinary symptoms (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Androgenetic alopecia patients with thin hair diagnosed by trichoscopy are more prone to prostatic enlargement and its related symptoms. Androgenetic alopecia severity can be diagnosed by trichoscopy in addition to Hamilton-Norwood scale.

Intradermal injection of Fluorouracil versus triamcinolone in localized vitiligo treatment.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease with a prevalence of 1.22% in Egypt. Intralesional steroids use in localized vitiligo treatment still a matter of debate. Fluorouracil was tried in vitiligo treatment after lesion dermabrasion, ablative laser, or micro-needling. The study aimed to compare the efficacy of intradermal fluorouracil and triamcinolone acetonide without any adjuvant therapy in localized vitiligo treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with localized non-segmental stable vitiligo were assigned randomly and equally into groups. Patients subjected to intradermal injection of either fluorouracil (50 mg/mL), triamcinolone acetonide (3 mg/mL) or an equal mixture of both drugs. All patients had four treatment sessions every 2 weeks were followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: Intradermal fluorouracil showed the best overall improvement (median 52.27, IQR 36.25-68.18) when compared with triamcinolone (median 13.86, IQR 3.83-33.32) and the drug mixture (median 17.15, IQR 7.48-41.67). During follow-up, the vitiliginous patches continued to repigment for 6 months in fluorouracil and the drug mixture groups. The improvement stopped 1 month after the last session in the triamcinolone group. CONCLUSION: The intradermal fluorouracil injection is an effective treatment of localized vitiligo. The intradermal steroid has a short-acting therapeutic effect, but the mixture of drugs added no therapeutic effect.

Are Patients with Vitiligo More Prone to Myocardial Infarction?: A Case-control Study.

Background: Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder commonly associated with other autoimmune diseases. The reported link between vitiligo and abnormalities of serum interleukin (IL)-17, zinc, calcium, and vitamin D is not fully understood. Objectives: We sought to assess the serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and IL-17 in patients with vitiligo and to answer the question of whether patients with vitiligo are more prone to experience myocardial infarction. Design: This was a case-control study and we did not exclude any eligible participants with other systemic autoimmune diseases. Serum vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and IL-17 levels were measured and correlated with disease severity. Setting: The study was conducted at Benha University Hospital in Egypt. Participants: Thirty patients with vitiligo and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were included. Measurements: Disease severity was measured using the Vitiligo Extent Tensity Index (VETI) score. Results: Patients with vitiligo showed significantly lower levels of vitamin D (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.001), and zinc (p<0.001), and an insignificantly higher level of IL-17 compared to the control group (p=0.102). Patients with other autoimmune diseases showed significantly lower vitamin D (p=0.0001) and calcium (p<0.0001) levels and higher IL-17 (p=0.0431) and zinc (p=0.0274) compared to controls. Conclusion: The levels of measured markers might make patients with vitiligo, especially those with autoimmune diseases, prone to myocardial infarction; the investigation of myocardial infarction, especially when a patient shows low vitamin D, calcium, and zinc or high IL-17 are recommended.