Sub-second calcium coupling between outside medium and subplasmalemmal stores during overstimulation/depolarisation-induced ciliary beat reversal in Paramecium cells.

As amply documented by electrophysiology, depolarisation in Paramecium induces a Ca(2+) influx selectively via ciliary voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-channels, thus inducing ciliary beat reversal. Subsequent downregulation of ciliary Ca(2+) has remained enigmatic. We now analysed this aspect, eventually under overstimulation conditions, by quenched-flow/cryofixation, combined with electron microscope X-ray microanalysis which registers total calcium concentrations, [Ca]. This allows to follow Ca-signals within a time period (> or =30ms) smaller than one ciliary beat ( approximately 50ms) and beyond. Particularly under overstimulation conditions ( approximately 10(-5)M Ca(2+) before, 0.5mM Ca(2+) during stimulation) we find in cilia a [Ca] peak at approximately 80ms and its decay to near-basal levels within 110ms (90%) to 170ms (100% decay). This [Ca] wave is followed, with little delay, by a [Ca] wave into subplasmalemmal Ca-stores (alveolar sacs), culminating at approximately 100ms, with a decay to original levels within 170ms. Also with little delay [Ca] slightly increases in the cytoplasm below. This implies rapid dissipation of Ca(2+) through the ciliary basis, paralleled by a rapid, transient uptake by, and release from cortical stores, suggesting fast exchange mechanisms to be analysed as yet. This novel type of coupling may be relevant for some phenomena described for other cells.

One-way calcium spill-over during signal transduction in Paramecium cells: from the cell cortex into cilia, but not in the reverse direction.

We asked to what extent Ca(2+) signals in two different domains of Paramecium cells remain separated during different stimulations. Wild-type (7S) and pawn cells (strain d4-500r, without ciliary voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-channels) were stimulated for trichocyst exocytosis within 80 ms by quenched-flow preparation and analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), paralleled by fast confocal fluorochrome analysis. We also analysed depolarisation-dependent calcium signalling during ciliary beat rerversal, also by EDX, after 80-ms stimulation in the quenched-flow mode. EDX and fluorochrome analysis enable to register total and free intracellular calcium concentrations, [Ca] and [Ca(2+)], respectively. After exocytosis stimulation we find by both methods that the calcium signal sweeps into the basis of cilia, not only in 7S but also in pawn cells which then also perform ciliary reversal. After depolarisation we see an increase of [Ca] along cilia selectively in 7S, but not in pawn cells. Opposite to exocytosis stimulation, during depolarisation no calcium spill-over into the nearby cytosol and no exocytosis occurs. In sum, we conclude that cilia must contain a very potent Ca(2+) buffering system and that ciliary reversal induction, much more than exocytosis stimulation, involves strict microdomain regulation of Ca(2+) signals.