RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Optimal mental health yields many benefits and reduced costs to employees and organizations; however, the workplace introduces challenges to building and maintaining mental health that affects wellbeing. While many organizations have introduced programming to aid employee mental health and wellbeing, the uptake and effectiveness of these efforts vary. One barrier to developing more effective interventions is a lack of understanding about how to improve wellbeing over time. The current study examined not only whether employer-provided coaching is an effective strategy to improve mental health and wellbeing in employees; but also how this intervention changes wellbeing in stages over time. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether BetterUp, a longitudinal one-on-one virtual coaching intervention, improves components of mental health and psychological wellbeing and whether the magnitude of changes vary in stages over time. This is the first research study to evaluate the effectiveness of professional coaching through three repeated assessments, moving beyond a pre- to post-intervention design. The outcomes of this study will enable coaches and employers to design more targeted interventions by outlining when to expect maximal growth in specific outcomes throughout the coaching engagement. METHODS: Three identical assessments were completed by 391 users of BetterUp - prior to the start of coaching, after approximately 3-4 months of coaching, and again after 6-7 months of coaching. Three scales were used to evaluate psychological and behavioral dimensions that support management of mental health - stress management, resilience, and life satisfaction. Six additional scales assessed psychological wellbeing - emotional regulation, prospection ability, finding purpose and meaning, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and social connection. RESULTS: Using mixed effects modeling, varying rates of change were observed in several dimensions of mental health and psychological wellbeing. Initial rapid improvements in the first half of the intervention, followed by slower growth in the second half of the intervention, were found for prospection ability, self-awareness, self-efficacy, social connection, emotional regulation, and a reduction in stress (range of unstandardized ßs for each assessment: .10-.19). Life satisfaction improved continuously throughout the full intervention period (ß: .13). Finding purpose in meaning at work and building resilience both grew continuously throughout the coaching intervention, but larger gains were experienced in the second half of the intervention (ßs: .08-.18), requiring the full length of the intervention to realize maximal growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the BetterUp virtual one-on-one coaching to improve psychological wellbeing, while mitigating threats to mental health such as excessive and prolonged stress, low resilience, and poor satisfaction with life. The improvements across the collection of outcomes were time-dependent and provide important insights to users and practitioners about how and when to expect maximal improvements in a range of interrelated personal and professional outcomes.
RESUMO
We combined three independent streams of workplace climate research, safety, violence prevention, and civility, to devise a general safety climate scale that explicitly addressed a variety of risks. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a higher-order factor may be responsible for the similarity in relationships across these safety-related climate measures with exposure to organizational hazards and resulting employee outcomes. As a result, a concise 10-item measure was developed and validated to assess a possible general safety climate factor. Further analyses suggested that the use of a general safety climate measure did not attenuate the relationships with workplace hazards and employee outcomes. Although different safety-related climate variables may be theoretically distinct, there may not be a measurable benefit in promoting one form of climate over others. Future studies should consider employing the general safety climate measure in place of domain-specific climate measures, unless the domain-specific climate is solely of interest.
