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Introduction: Childhood undernutrition is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and a high socio-economic burden. Methods: Supporting Pediatric GRowth and Health OUTcomes (SPROUT) is a randomized, controlled trial evaluating the effects of an oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with dietary counseling (DC; n = 164) compared to a DC-only group who continued consuming their habitual milk (n = 166; NCT05239208). Children aged 24-60 months who were at risk or with undernutrition, as defined by weight-for-age [WAZ] < -1 and height-for-age [HAZ] < -1 according to the WHO Growth Standards, and who also met the criterion of weight-for-height [WHZ] < 0, were enrolled in Vietnam. Results: ONS + DC had a larger WAZ increase at day 120 (primary endpoint) vs. DC (least squares mean, LSM (SE): 0.30 (0.02) vs. 0.13 (0.02); p < 0.001), and larger improvements in all weight, BMI and weight-for-height indices at day 30 and 120 (all p < 0.01). Height gain was larger in ONS + DC in all indices, including height-for-age difference [HAD; cm: 0.56 (0.07) vs. 0.10 (0.07); p < 0.001], at day 120. ONS + DC had larger arm muscle but not arm fat indices, higher parent-rated appetite, physical activity and energy levels, longer night sleep, fewer and shorter awakenings, and better sleep quality than DC. Conclusion: Adding ONS to DC, compared to DC-alone, improves growth in weight and height, linear catch-up growth, and health outcomes in children with or at risk of undernutrition.
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The problem of poor nutrition with impaired growth persists in young children worldwide, including in India, where wasting occurs in 20% of urban children (<5 years). Exacerbating this problem, some children are described by their parent as a picky eater with behaviors such as eating limited food and unwillingness to try new foods. Timely intervention can help prevent nutritional decline and promote growth recovery; oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and dietary counseling (DC) are commonly used. The present study aimed to determine the effects of ONS along with DC on growth in comparison with the effects of DC only. Enrolled children (N = 321) were >24 to ≤48 months old, at malnutrition risk (weight-for-height percentile 3rd to 15th), and described as a picky eater by their parent. Enrollees were randomized to one of the three groups (N = 107 per group): ONS1 + DC; ONS2 + DC; and DC only. From day 1 to day 90, study findings showed significant increases in weight-for-height percentile for ONS1 + DC and for ONS2 + DC interventions, as compared to DC only (p = 0.0086 for both). There was no significant difference between the two ONS groups. Anthropometric measurements (weight and body mass index) also increased significantly over time for the two ONS groups (versus DC only, p < 0.05), while ONS1 + DC significantly improved mid-upper-arm circumference (p < 0.05 versus DC only), as well. ONS groups showed a trend toward greater height gain when compared to DC only group, but the differences were not significant within the study interval. For young Indian children with nutritional risk and picky eating behaviors, our findings showed that a 90-day nutritional intervention with either ONS1 or ONS2, along with DC, promoted catch-up growth more effectively than did DC alone.
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Suplementos Nutricionais , Seletividade Alimentar , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Braço/anatomia & histologia , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are used to promote catch-up growth in children with undernutrition. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence of ONS intervention effects on growth for 9-month- to 12-year-old children who were undernourished or at nutritional risk. Eleven randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria; trials compared changes in anthropometric measures in children using ONS or ONS + DC (dietary counselling) to measures for those following usual diet or placebo or DC alone. The RCTs included 2287 children without chronic diseases (mean age 5.87 years [SD, 1.35]; 56% boys). At follow-up time points up to 6 months, results showed that children in the ONS intervention group had greater gains in weight (0.423 kg, [95% confidence interval 0.234, 0.613], p < 0.001) and height (0.417 cm [0.059, 0.776], p = 0.022) versus control; greater gains in weight (0.089 kg [0.049, 0.130], p < 0.001) were evident as early as 7-10 days. Longitudinal analyses with repeated measures at 30, 60, and 90 days showed greater gains in weight parameters from 30 days onwards (p < 0.001), a trend towards greater height gains at 90 days (p = 0.056), and significantly greater gains in height-for-age percentiles and Z-scores at 30 and 90 days, respectively (p < 0.05). Similar results were found in subgroup analyses of studies comparing ONS + DC to DC alone. For children with undernutrition, particularly those who were mildly and moderately undernourished, usage of ONS in a nutritional intervention resulted in significantly better growth outcomes when compared to control treatments (usual diet, placebo or DC alone).
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Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Desnutrição/tratamento farmacológico , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Estatura/fisiologia , Criança , Humanos , Aumento de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is hyperglycemia that is recognized for the first time during pregnancy. GDM is associated with a wide range of short- and long-term adverse health consequences for both mother and offspring. It is a complex disease with a multifactorial etiology, with disturbances in glucose, lipid, inflammation and gut microbiota. Consequently, its management is complex, requiring patients to self-manage their diet, lifestyle and self-care behaviors in combination with use of insulin. In addition to nutritional recommendations for all pregnant women, special attention to dietary carbohydrate (CHO) amount and type on glucose levels is especially important in GDM. Dietary CHO are diverse, ranging from simple sugars to longer-chain oligo- and poly- saccharides which have diverse effects on blood glucose, microbial fermentation and bowel function. Studies have established that dietary CHO amount and type can impact maternal glucose and nutritional recommendations advise women with GDM to limit total intake or choose complex and low glycemic CHO. However, robust maternal and infant benefits are not consistently shown. Novel approaches which help women with GDM adhere to dietary recommendations such as diabetes-specific meal replacements (which provide a defined and complete nutritional composition with slowly-digested CHO) and continuous glucose monitors (which provide unlimited monitoring of maternal glycemic fluctuations) have shown benefits on both maternal and neonatal outcomes. Continued research is needed to understand and develop tools to facilitate patient adherence to treatment goals, individualize interventions and improve outcomes.
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Diabetes Gestacional/dietoterapia , Dieta para Diabéticos/métodos , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Gestacional/sangue , Diabetes Gestacional/etiologia , Feminino , Índice Glicêmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding is important for the healthy growth and development of the fetus and infant. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of a maternal milk supplementation (MMS) in conjunction with a breastfeeding support program on breastfeeding practices including duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding and child neurodevelopment outcomes at 30 months old. METHODS: We followed up the offspring of 204 Vietnamese women who completed a randomized controlled trial where the intervention group received MMS with a breastfeeding support program from the last trimester to 12 weeks postpartum while the control group received standard care. At 30 months postpartum, information on child feeding practices was collected and child neurodevelopment was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the duration of any breastfeeding (ABF) from birth between the groups. However, the intervention group had longer exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration (p = 0.0172), higher EBF rate at 6 months (p = 0.0093) and lower risk of discontinuing EBF (p = 0.0071) than the control. Children in the intervention group had significantly higher Bayley-III composite scores in the domains of cognitive (p = 0.0498) and motor (p = 0.0422) functions, as well as a tendency toward better social-emotional behavior (p = 0.0513) than children in the control group. The association between maternal intervention and child development was attenuated after further adjustment for birth weight but not EBF duration, suggesting that improvements in child development may be partially attributed to the benefits of prenatal nutrition supplementation on birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: MMS with breastfeeding support during late pregnancy and early postpartum significantly improved EBF practices. The intervention was also associated with improvements in neurodevelopment in children at 30 months old.
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Aleitamento Materno , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Período Pós-Parto/fisiologia , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/fisiologia , Gravidez/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , VietnãRESUMO
Objectives To evaluate the 120-day post-intervention growth trajectory of picky-eating children aged 2 to 6 years who previously completed a 90-day, randomized, controlled trial of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) plus dietary counselling (DC) (SDC, n = 98) compared with DC alone (n = 105). Methods A total of 203 children were included. Children were free to consume ONS during follow-up. Information on ONS consumption was collected. Weight-for-age percentile (WAP) and height-for-age percentile (HAP) were measured at Day 90 (beginning) and Day 210 (end point). Results Despite continued weight gain, there was a significant decline in WAP in both groups during the post-intervention period. However, children who took ONS voluntarily had a smaller loss in WAP compared with those who did not. Children in the SDC group showed no difference in a decline in HAP between those who took ONS during follow-up and those who did not. However, children in the DC group showed a marginally larger decline in HAP in those who did not take ONS during the follow-up compared with those who did. Conclusions Continued parental self-administration of ONS to their children slows down the loss of growth percentiles, supporting continued weight gain in picky-eating children at nutritional risk.
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Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/terapia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Comportamento Alimentar , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Trajetória do Peso do Corpo , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Aconselhamento , Ingestão de Energia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Gráficos de Crescimento , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Autocuidado , Redução de PesoRESUMO
Objectives To evaluate the effect of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) plus dietary counselling (DC) (intervention) versus DC alone (control) on growth and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in nutritionally at-risk, picky eating children in India. Methods We performed a 90-day, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. A total of 255 children aged 24-72 months with a weight-for-age z-score ≥-2 and <-1, picky eating behaviour, and acute URTI were randomized to the control (n = 128) or intervention group (n = 127). The outcomes included the change in weight-for-age z-score from days 1 to 90 and the URTI incidence. Results The mean age was 44.0 ± 14.3 months. The intervention group showed a significantly greater increase in mean weight-for-age and body mass index-for-age z-scores compared with the control group from day 10 onwards. Higher energy intake in the intervention group was observed at all follow-up visits, except for day 10. The incidence of URTI in the control group was 2.01 times higher than that in the intervention group, controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions ONS plus DC is effective for improving weight and reducing the incidence of URTI in nutritionally at-risk, picky eating children with an acute URTI episode.
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Desenvolvimento Infantil , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/terapia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Administração Oral , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiopatologia , Pré-Escolar , Aconselhamento , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/complicações , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Gráficos de Crescimento , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Prospectivos , Recidiva , Infecções Respiratórias/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal nutritional supplementation (MNS) in conjunction with a breastfeeding support program on birth outcomes and breastfeeding performance. METHODS: A total of 228 singleton Vietnamese mothers aged 20-35 years at 26-29 weeks of gestation with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) < 25.0 kg/m2 were randomized to the intervention (n = 114), receiving MNS (252 kcal/day) daily up to 12 weeks postpartum and four breastfeeding education and support sessions or to the control (n = 114), receiving standards of care. RESULTS: The intervention was 2.09 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed over the 12 weeks than the control (95%CI: 1.05-4.13, p = .0358), after controlling for potential confounders. Infant's breast milk intake was significantly higher in the intervention than the control among mothers with baseline mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 50th (p = .0251). Infants in the intervention had significantly higher birth weight (p = .0312), birth weight-for-age (p = .0141) and birth head circumference-for-age (p = .0487), and higher head circumference-for-age z-score (p = .0183) development over the postnatal period, compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: Use of MNS and breastfeeding support improve birth outcomes and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate in Vietnamese mothers. Additionally, it promotes breast milk production among mothers with lower baseline MUAC.
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Peso ao Nascer , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Vietnã , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Nutrient deficiencies during childhood have adverse effects on child growth and health. In a single-arm 48-week long-term intervention, we previously reported the efficacy of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and dietary counselling on catch-up growth and growth maintenance in nutritionally at-risk Filipino children. The present analysis was done to assess the contributing effects of ONS to nutritional adequacy, dietary diversity, food intake and longitudinal growth. ONS (450 ml) was consumed daily providing 450 kcal (1880 kJ) and at least 50 % of micronutrient requirements among 200 children aged 3-4 years with weight-for-height percentiles between 5th and 25th (WHO Growth Standards). Weight, height and dietary intakes using 24-h food recalls were measured at baseline, and at weeks 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48. Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity score (DDS) were calculated. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess the effects of total nutrient intakes, DDS, ONS compliance and sociodemographic factors on longitudinal growth. The percentages of children with adequate intake of energy, protein, Fe, Ca and some vitamins at each post-baseline visit were improved from baseline, reaching 100 % for most nutrients. DDS was also increased from baseline and reached significance from week 16 onwards (P < 0·01). Male children, total energy intake and parental employment status were associated with weight-for-height percentile gain (P < 0·05), whereas higher parental education level and ONS compliance were significantly associated with height-for-age percentile gain over time (P < 0·05). Long-term ONS intervention did not interfere with normal food intake and helped promote nutritional adequacy and growth of Filipino children.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with changes in BMI and sum of skinfold thickness (SSF) in a cohort of preschool children in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. METHODS: This one year follow-up study, using multi-stage cluster sampling, was conducted from 2005-2006 with 526 children aged 4-5 years in preschools in urban HCMC. Information on neighborhood, preschool and home environments, socio-economic status, the child and parental characteristics were collected using interview-administered questionnaires. Dietary intake and physical activity were measured using modified, validated questionnaires. Weight, height, and triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness were measured. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to assess the longitudinal relationships between the risk factors and the development of adiposity. RESULTS: A variety of factors at different levels were associated with changes in BMI and SSFs. As safety of the neighborhood increased, BMI and SSFs decreased (coefficients for BMI: -0.59; 95% CI: -1.16 to -0.01 for girls and -0.80; 95% CI: -1.53, -0.08 for boys, and coefficients for SSFs: -2.71; 95% CI: -5.07, -0.35 for girls and -4.16, 95% CI: -8.28, -0.05). Having both parents overweight was strongly predictive of an increase in BMI (1.18, 0.21-2.16). Maternal pre-pregnant BMI status, breast-feeding, and high birth weight were also related to change in adiposity. CONCLUSION: Contextual variables in the community and home environment, and parental characteristics appeared to be more important than individual factors for explaining on changes in adiposity in this child population.
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Adiposidade , Meio Ambiente , Estilo de Vida , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Pais , Saúde da População Urbana , Fatores Etários , Peso ao Nascer , Índice de Massa Corporal , Aleitamento Materno , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Características de Residência , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Dobras Cutâneas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vietnã/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has been documented in preschool children in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. However, little is known about what preschool children in HCMC eat or how well their nutrient intake meets nutrient recommendations. This study aims to describe the energy and macronutrient intake and compare these nutrient intakes with the recommendations for Vietnamese children aged four to five years. METHODS: The data comes from the baseline measurement of a one year follow-up study on obesity in 670 children attending kindergartens in HCMC. Dietary information for each child at the school and home settings was collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs), by interviewing teachers and parents or main caregivers. The average energy and nutrient intake in a day was calculated. The proportion of children with energy intake from macronutrients meeting or exceeding the recommendations was estimated based on the 2006 recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Vietnamese children in this age group. RESULTS: The dietary intake of the participants contained more energy from protein and fat, particularly animal protein and fat, and less energy from carbohydrates, than the RDA. Most children (98.1%) had mean energy intake from protein greater than the recommended level of 15%, and no child obtained energy from animal fat that was in accordance with the recommendation of less than 30% of the total fat intake. Nearly one half of children (46.5%) consumed less than the advised range of mean energy intake from carbohydrate (60%-70%). CONCLUSION: In this preschool child population in HCMC, in which obesity is emerging as major public health problem, there is an imbalance in dietary intake. Healthy eating programs need to be developed as a part of an obesity prevention program for young children in HCMC.