Development and application of an advanced algorithm for environmental risk assessment and safety management of pesticide residues in agricultural soils: Monitoring of currently used pesticide in upland soils.

This study conducted the development of an advanced risk assessment algorithm system and safety management strategies using pesticide residue monitoring data from soils. To understand the status of pesticide residues in agricultural soils, monitoring was performed on 116 types of pesticides currently in use across 300 soil sites. The analysis of the monitoring results, alongside the physicochemical properties of the pesticides, led to the selection of soil half-life as a critical component in residue analysis. The use of Toxicity Exposure Ratio (TER) and Risk Quotient (RQ) for environmental risk assessment, based on monitoring data, presents limitations due to its single-component, conservative approach, which does not align with actual field conditions. Therefore, there is a necessity for a risk assessment process applicable in real-world scenarios. In this research, an efficient and accurate risk assessment algorithm system, along with a safety management model, was developed. Using the physicochemical properties of pesticides (such as soil half-life), monitoring results, and toxicity data, cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) validation identified four pesticides: boscalid, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole, and tebuconazole. The k-mean cluster analysis selected three priority management sites where the contribution of these four pesticides to the RQ was between 94-99 %, showing similar results to the RQ calculated for all pesticides. Predictions made with the developed model for the time required for soil half-life based RQ to drop below 1 at these priority sites showed only a 1-9 day difference between the four pesticides of concern and all pesticides, indicating comparable outcomes. The scenario of replacing high-risk pesticides with those of lower risk demonstrated that the RQ could be consistently maintained at about 50 % level. The results of this study suggest that through monitoring, evaluation, and management, effective and accurate environmental safety management of pesticides in soil can be achieved.

Post-Treatment of Tannic Acid for Thermally Stable PEDOT:PSS Film.

As a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS is well known for its conductive polymer in a field of organic electronics. PEDOT:PSS can be widely operated as electronics under low temperature conditions; however, the layer can be easily damaged by high temperature conditions, while in fabrication or in the operation of electronics. Therefore, enhancing the thermal stability of PEDOT:PSS can be a novel strategy for both fabrication and operating varieties. Herein, PEDOT:PSS is the surface-treated with tannic acid to increase the thermal stability. A large number of phenols in tannic acid not only provide UV absorption ability, but also thermal stability. Therefore, tannic-treated PEDOT:PSS film sustained 150 °C for 96 h because of its initial conductivity. Moreover, surface properties and its bonding nature was further examined to show that the tannic acid does not damage the electrical and film properties. The method can be widely used in the field of organic electronics, especially because of its high stability and the high performance of the devices.

Association between body mass index and subcortical volume in pre-adolescent children with autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory study.

Conflicting associations exist between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and subcortical brain volumes. This study assessed whether obesity might have a confounding influence on associations between ASD and brain subcortical volumes. A comprehensive investigation evaluating the relationship between ASD, obesity, and subcortical structure volumes was conducted. Data obtained included body mass index (BMI) and T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images for children with and without ASD diagnoses from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database. Brain subcortical volumes were calculated using vol2Brain software. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the subcortical volumes similarly or differentially associated with BMI in children with or without ASD and examine association and interaction effects regarding ASD and subcortical volume impact on the Social Responsiveness Scale and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) scores. Bilateral caudate nuclei were smaller in children with ASD than in control participants. Significant interactions were observed between ASD diagnosis and BMI regarding the left caudate, right and left putamen, and right and left ventral diencephalon (DC) volumes (ß = -0.384, p = 0.010; ß = -0.336, p = 0.030; ß = -0.317, p = 0.040; ß = 0.322, p = 0.010; ß = 0.295, p = 0.021, respectively) and between ASD diagnosis and right and left ventral DC volumes regarding the VABS scores (ß = 0.434, p = 0.014; ß = 0.495, p = 0.007, respectively). However, each subcortical structure volume included in the ventral DC area could not be measured separately. The results identified subcortical volumes differentially associated with obesity in children with ASD compared with typically developing peers. BMI may need to be considered an important confounder in future research examining brain subcortical volumes within ASD.

Enhanced Production of a Thermostable Carbonic Anhydrase in Escherichia coli by Using a Modified NEXT Tag.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an ultrafast enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate. CA is considered to be a green catalyst for enzyme-based CO2 capture and utilization. In particular, the CA of Thermovibrio ammonificans (taCA) has attracted increasing attention as a highly stable enzyme. However, the poor solubility and the low expression level in Escherichia coli have hampered further utilization of taCA. In a recent study, these limitations were partly resolved by using a small solubility-enhancing fusion tag named NEXT, which originates from the N-terminal extension of Hydrogenovibrio marinus CA. In this study, the NEXT tag was engineered by adding small peptides to the N terminus to further increase the production yield of NEXT-tagged taCA. The addition of ng3 peptide (His-Gly-Asn) originating from the N-terminal sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae CA improved the expression of NEXT-taCA, while the previously developed translation-enhancing element (TEE) and Ser-Lys-Ile-Lys (SKIK) tag were not effective. The expression test with all 16 codon combinations for the ng3 sequence revealed that the change in translation initiation rate brought about by the change in nucleotide sequence was not the primary determinant for the change in expression level. The modified ng3-NEXT tag may be applied to increase the production yields of various recombinant proteins.

Topological analysis of single-stranded DNA with an alpha-hederin nanopore.

Nanopores have been emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the structural information and interactional properties of a range of biomolecules. The spatial resolution of nanopore is determined by the diameter and effective thickness of its constriction region, but the presence of vestibule or stem structure in protein-based nanopore could negatively affect the sensitivity of the nanopore when applied for genome sequencing and topological analysis of DNA. Recently, alpha-hederin (Ah) has been reported to form a sub-nanometer scale pore structure in lipid membrane. With the simple structure and extremely small effective thickness, the Ah nanopore was shown to discriminate four different types of nucleotides. However, identification of a certain nucleotide in a strand of DNA, which is essential for genome sequencing, remains challenging. Here, we investigated the resolving capability of Ah nanopore to discriminate few nucleotides in a strand of single-stranded DNA, and the factors determining the sensitivity of Ah nanopore. The Ah nanopore was shown to be able to identify as few as three adenosine nucleotides in a strand of poly cytidine, in which the dwell time of the additional current blockade that represents the adenosine residue was in good agreement with their physical length. We also found that the lateral tension and chain pressure generated around the nanopore were influenced by pore's diameter and played as a dependent variables to determine the geometry of nanopore's constriction as well as the spatial resolution of the Ah nanopore.

Engineering a Plant Viral Coat Protein for In Vitro Hybrid Self-Assembly of CO2-Capturing Catalytic Nanofilaments.

Plant virus-based nanoparticles are used as self-assembled protein scaffolds for the construction of enzyme nanocarriers. To date, one-pot production and coupling of both enzymes and scaffolds by genetic conjugation have been demonstrated only in plants. Herein, we report bacterial production and in vitro self-assembly of nanofilaments for CO2 capture. Filamentous virus-like particles (VLPs) were successfully formed by genetically fusing carbonic anhydrase from Hydrogenovibrio marinus (hmCA) to the N terminus of the coat protein (CPPVY) of potato virus Y with a flexible linker. The instability of VLPs against proteolytic degradation was circumvented by the periplasmic export of the fusion protein. The truncated form of CPPVY coexpressed by internal translation was crucial for the successful formation of long filamentous VLPs by alleviating steric hindrance via hybrid assembly. The fast and economic bottom-up fabrication of highly active nanobiocatalyst allows the nanofilaments to be efficiently used and recovered in potential biocatalytic and biosensor systems.

Characterization and High-Level Periplasmic Expression of Thermostable α-Carbonic Anhydrase from Thermosulfurimonas Dismutans in Escherichia Coli for CO2 Capture and Utilization.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a diffusion-controlled enzyme that rapidly catalyzes carbon dioxide (CO2) hydration. CA has been considered as a powerful and green catalyst for bioinspired CO2 capture and utilization (CCU). For successful industrial applications, it is necessary to expand the pool of thermostable CAs to meet the stability requirement under various operational conditions. In addition, high-level expression of thermostable CA is desirable for the economical production of the enzyme. In this study, a thermostable CA (tdCA) of Thermosulfurimonas dismutans isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized in terms of expression level, solubility, activity and stability. tdCA showed higher solubility, activity, and stability compared to those of CA from Thermovibrio ammonificans, one of the most thermostable CAs, under low-salt aqueous conditions. tdCA was engineered for high-level expression by the introduction of a point mutation and periplasmic expression via the Sec-dependent pathway. The combined strategy resulted in a variant showing at least an 8.3-fold higher expression level compared to that of wild-type tdCA. The E. coli cells with the periplasmic tdCA variant were also investigated as an ultra-efficient whole-cell biocatalyst. The engineered bacterium displayed an 11.9-fold higher activity compared to that of the recently reported system with a halophilic CA. Collectively these results demonstrate that the highly expressed periplasmic tdCA variant, either in an isolated form or within a whole-cell platform, is a promising biocatalyst with high activity and stability for CCU applications.

Antisense-overexpression of the MsCOMT gene induces changes in lignin and total phenol contents in transgenic tobacco plants.

Initially, we isolated the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene from Miscanthus sinensis (accession number HM062766.1). Next, we produced transgenic tobacco plants with down-regulated COMT gene expression to study its control of total phenol and lignin content and to perform morphological analysis. These transgenic plants were found to have reduced PAL and ascorbate peroxidases expression, which are related to the phenylpropanoid pathway and antioxidant activity. The MsCOMT-down-regulated plants had decreased total lignin in the leaves and stem compared with control plants. Reduced flavonol concentrations were confirmed in MsCOMT-down-regulated transgenic plants. We also observed a morphological difference, with reduced plant cell number in transgenic plants harboring antisense MsCOMT. The transgenic tobacco plants with down-regulated COMT gene expression demonstrate that COMT plays a crucial role related to controlling lignin and phenol content in plants. Also, COMT activity may be related to flavonoid production in the plant lignin pathway.