Bioengineered amyloid peptide for rapid screening of inhibitors against main protease of SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evoked a worldwide pandemic. As the emergence of variants has hampered the neutralization capacity of currently available vaccines, developing effective antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants becomes a significant challenge. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 has received increased attention as an attractive pharmaceutical target because of its pivotal role in viral replication and proliferation. Here, we generated a de novo Mpro-inhibitor screening platform to evaluate the efficacies of Mpro inhibitors based on Mpro cleavage site-embedded amyloid peptide (MCAP)-coated gold nanoparticles (MCAP-AuNPs). We fabricated MCAPs comprising an amyloid-forming sequence and Mpro-cleavage sequence, mimicking in vivo viral replication process mediated by Mpro. By measuring the proteolytic activity of Mpro and the inhibitory efficacies of various drugs, we confirmed that the MCAP-AuNP-based platform was suitable for rapid screening potential of Mpro inhibitors. These results demonstrated that our MCAP-AuNP-based platform has great potential for discovering Mpro inhibitors and may accelerate the development of therapeutics against COVID-19.

Plasma-based diagnostic and screening platform using a combination of biosensing signals in Alzheimer's disease.

Using biosensor to screen for Alzheimer's disease (AD) facilitates early detection of AD with high sensitivity and accuracy. This approach overcomes the limitations of conventional AD diagnostic methods, such as neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging analysis. Here, we propose a simultaneous analysis of signal combinations generated by four crucial AD biomarkers (Amyloid beta 1-40 (Aß40), Aß42, total tau 441 (tTau441), and phosphorylated tau 181 (pTau181)) by inducing a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force on fabricated interdigitated microelectrode (IME) sensor. By applying an optimal DEP force, our biosensor selectively concentrates and filters the plasma-based AD biomarkers, exhibiting high sensitivity (limit of detection <100 fM) and selectivity in the plasma-based AD biomarkers detection (p < 0.0001). Consequently, it is demonstrated that a complex combined signal comprising four AD-specific biomarker signals (Aß40- Aß42+ tTau441- pTau181) can differentiate between patients with AD and healthy subjects with high accuracy (78.85%) and precision (80.95%) (p < 0.0001).

Caco-2 cell-derived biomimetic electrochemical biosensor for cholera toxin detection.

Cholera is a highly contagious and lethal waterborne disease induced by an infection with Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) secreting cholera toxin (CTx). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) from the CTx specifically binds with monosialo-tetra-hexosyl-ganglioside (GM1) found on the exterior cell membrane of an enterocyte. Bioinspired by the pathological process of CTx, we developed an electrochemical biosensor with GM1-expressing Caco-2 cell membrane (CCM) on the electrode surface. Briefly, the electrode surface was functionalized with CCM using the vesicle fusion method. We determined the CTxB detection performances of Caco-2 cell membrane-coated biosensor (CCB) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). the CCB had an excellent limit of detection of ∼11.46 nM and a detection range spanning 100 ng/mL - 1 mg/mL. In addition, the CCB showed high selectivity against various interfering molecules, including abundant constituents of intestinal fluid and various bacterial toxins. The long-term stability of the CCBs was also verified for 3 weeks using EIS. Overall, the CCB has excellent potential for practical use such as point-of-care and cost-effective testing for CTxB detection in developing countries.

Biomimetically Engineered Amyloid-Shelled Gold Nanocomplexes for Discovering α-Synuclein Oligomer-Degrading Drugs.

The assembly of α-synuclein (αS) oligomers is recognized as the main pathological driver of synucleinopathies. While the elimination of toxic αS oligomers shows promise for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), the discovery of αS oligomer degradation drugs has been hindered by the lack of proper drug screening tools. Here, we report a drug screening platform for monitoring the efficacy of αS-oligomer-degrading drugs using amyloid-shelled gold nanocomplexes (ASGNs). We fabricate ASGNs in the presence of dopamine, mimicking the in vivo generation process of pathological αS oligomers. To test our platform, the first of its kind for PD drugs, we use αS-degrading proteases and various small molecular substances that have shown efficacy in PD treatment. We demonstrate that the ASGN-based in vitro platform has strong potential to discover effective αS-oligomer-targeting drugs, and thus it may reduce the attrition problem in drug discovery for PD treatment.

Scalable Functionalization of Polyaniline-Grafted rGO Field-Effect Transistors for a Highly Sensitive Enzymatic Acetylcholine Biosensor.

For decades, acetylcholine (Ach) has been considered a critical biomarker for several degenerative brain diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Here, we propose a wafer-scale fabrication of polyaniline (PAni)-grafted graphene-based field-effect transistors (PGFET) and their biosensing applications for highly sensitive and reliable real-time monitoring of Ach in flow configuration. The grafted PAni provides suitable electrostatic binding sites for enzyme immobilization and enhances the pH sensitivity (2.68%/pH), compared to that of bare graphene-FET (1.81%/pH) for a pH range of 3-9 without any pH-hysteresis. We further evaluated the PGFET's sensing performance for Ach detection with a limit of detection at the nanomolar level and significantly improved sensitivity (~103%) in the concentration range of 108 nM to 2 mM. Moreover, the PGFET exhibits excellent selectivity against various interferences, including glucose, ascorbic acid, and neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Finally, we investigated the effects of an inhibitor (rivastigmine) on the AchE activity of the PGFET. From the results, we demonstrated that the PGFET has great potential as a real-time drug-screening platform by monitoring the inhibitory effects on enzymatic activity.

Nanoelectrokinetic-assisted lateral flow assay for COVID-19 antibody test.

A lateral flow assay (LFA) platform is a powerful tool for point-of-care testing (POCT), especially for self-testing. Although the LFA platform provides a simple and disposable tool for Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) screening tests, the lower sensitivity for low virus titers has been a bottleneck for practical applications. Herein, we report the combination of a microfluidic paper-based nanoelectrokinetic (NEK) preconcentrator and an LFA platform for enhancing the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD). Biomarkers were electrokinetically preconcentrated onto a specific layer using the NEK preconcentrator, which was then coupled with LFA diagnostic devices for enhanced performance. Using this nanoelectrokinetic-assisted LFA (NEK-LFA) platform for self-testing, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Immunoglobulin G (SARS-CoV-2 IgG) sample was preconcentrated from serum samples. After preconcentration, the LOD of the LFA was enhanced by 32-fold, with an increase in analytical sensitivity (16.4%), which may offer a new opportunity for POCT and self-testing, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic and endemic global context.

Surface Functionalization of Enzyme-Coronated Gold Nanoparticles with an Erythrocyte Membrane for Highly Selective Glucose Assays.

Colorimetric glucose sensors using enzyme-coronated gold nanoparticles have been developed for high-throughput assays to monitor the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients. Although those sensors have shown sensitivity and wide linear detection ranges, they suffer from poor selectivity and stability in detecting blood glucose, which has limited their practical use. To address this limitation, herein, we functionalized glucose-oxidase-coronated gold nanoparticles with an erythrocyte membrane (EM-GOx-GNPs). Because the erythrocyte membrane (EM) selectively facilitates the permeation of glucose via glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), the functionalization of GOx-GNPs with EM improved the stability, selectivity (3.3- to 15.8-fold higher), and limit of detection (LOD). Both membrane proteins, GLUT1 and aquaporin-1 (AQP1), on EM were shown to be key components for selective glucose detection by treatment with their inhibitors. Moreover, we demonstrated the stability of EM-GOx-GNPs in high-antioxidant-concentration conditions, under long-term storage (∼4 weeks) and a freeze-thaw cycle. Selectivity of the EM-GOx-GNPs against other saccharides was increased, which improved the LOD in phosphate-buffered saline and human serum. Our results indicated that the functionalization of colorimetric glucose sensors with EM is beneficial for improving selectivity and stability, which may make them candidates for use in a practical glucose sensor.

A Hybrid Zeolite Membrane-Based Breakthrough for Simultaneous CO2 Capture and CH4 Upgrading from Biogas.

Biogas is an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy resource that can substitute or complement conventional fossil fuels. For practical uses, biogas upgrading, mainly through the effective separation of CO2 (0.33 nm) and CH4 (0.38 nm), is required to meet the approximately 90-95% purity of CH4, while CO2 should be concomitantly purified. In this study, a high CO2 perm-selective zeolite membrane was synthesized by heteroepitaxially growing a chabazite (CHA) zeolite seed layer with a synthetic precursor that allowed the formation of all-silica deca-dodecasil 3 rhombohedral (DDR) zeolite (with a pore size of 0.36 × 0.44 nm2). The resulting hydrophobic DDR@CHA hybrid membrane on an asymmetric α-Al2O3 tube was thin (ca. 2 µm) and continuous, thus providing both high flux and permselectivity for CO2 irrespective of the presence or absence of water vapor (the third largest component in the biogas streams). To the best of our knowledge, the CO2 permeance of (2.9 ± 0.3) × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and CO2/CH4 separation factor of ca. 274 ± 73 at a saturated water vapor partial pressure of ca. 12 kPa at 50 °C have the highest CO2/CH4 separation performance yet achieved. Furthermore, we explored the membrane module properties of the hybrid membrane in terms of the recovery and purity of both CO2 and CH4 under dry and wet conditions. Despite the high intrinsic membrane properties of the current hybrid membrane, reflected by the high permeance and SF, the corresponding module properties indicated that high-performance separation of CO2 and CH4 for the desired biogas upgrading was achieved at a limited processing capacity. This supports the importance of understanding the correlation between the membrane and module properties, as this will provide guidance for the optimal operating conditions.

Clinical application of serological Alzheimer's disease diagnosis using a highly sensitive biosensor with hydrogel-enhanced dielectrophoretic force.

Analysis of a ratio between amyloid beta 1-40 and 1-42 (Aß1-40 and Aß1-42) presented in plasm enables a highly accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the analysis of plasma Aßs is not routinely conducted because of the lack of Aß detection techniques sensitive enough to specifically detect Aß from thousands of biomaterials present in the plasma. We developed a hydrogel-patterned spiral microelectrode sensor combined with a hopping dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, combining the negative DEP and positive DEP forces, for Aß detection. The hydrogel effectively increased the number of immobilized fragmented antibodies in the reaction region of the sensor and enabled size-exclusive passive filtration of non-specific plasma proteins from that region. The hopping DEP force further concentrated the Aßs and removed the non-specific plasma proteins. Consequently, our sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately âˆ¼ 0.15 pg/mL for both Aß1-40 and Aß1-42 in the standard plasma. Finally, comparing the ratio between Aß1-40 and Aß1-42 signals, we distinguished AD patients from cognitively normal subjects with 95.83% accuracy and 92.31% precision (n = 24, p < 0.0001, One-way ANOVA).

Multiplex SNP Genotyping Using SWITCH: Sequence-Specific Nanoparticle with Interpretative Toehold-Mediated Sequence Decoding in Hydrogel.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can alter phenotypes of individuals play a pivotal role in disease development and, more importantly, responses to therapy. However, SNP genotyping has been challenging due to the similarity of SNP alleles and their low concentration in biological samples. Sequence-specific nanoparticle with interpretative toehold-mediated sequence decoding in hydrogel (SWITCH) for multiplex SNP genotyping is presented. The encoding with gold nanoparticle probes transduces each SNP target to ≈1000 invaders with prominently different sequences between wild and mutant types, featuring polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-free amplification. Subsequently, the toehold-mediated DNA replacement in hydrogel microparticles decodes the invaders via SNP-specific fluorescence signals. The 4-plex detection of the warfarin-associated SNP targets spiked in commercially validated human serum (S1-100ML, Merck) is successfully demonstrated with excellent specificity. This work is the first technology development presenting PCR-free, multiplex SNP genotyping with a single reporting fluorophore, to the best of knowledge.

Association Between Plasma Amyloid-ß and Neuropsychological Performance in Patients With Cognitive Decline.

Objective: To investigate the association between plasma amyloid-ß (Aß) levels and neuropsychological performance in patients with cognitive decline using a highly sensitive nano-biosensing platform. Methods: We prospectively recruited 44 patients with cognitive decline who underwent plasma Aß analysis, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, and detailed neuropsychological tests. Patients were classified into a normal control (NC, n = 25) or Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 19) group based on amyloid PET positivity. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine whether plasma Aß (Aß40, Aß42, and Aß42/40) levels were associated with neuropsychological test results. Results: The plasma levels of Aß42/40 were significantly different between the NC and AD groups and were the best predictor of amyloid PET positivity by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis [area under the curve of 0.952 (95% confidence interval, 0.892-1.000)]. Although there were significant differences in the neuropsychological performance of cognitive domains (language, visuospatial, verbal/visual memory, and frontal/executive functions) between the NC and AD groups, higher levels of plasma Aß42/40 were negatively correlated only with verbal and visual memory performance. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that plasma Aß analysis using a nano-biosensing platform could be a useful tool for diagnosing AD and assessing memory performance in patients with cognitive decline.

Screening for cerebral amyloid angiopathy based on serological biomarkers analysis using a dielectrophoretic force-driven biosensor platform.

We aimed to analyze plasma amyloid-ß (Aß)1-40 and Aß1-42 using a highly sensitive dielectrophoretic-driven biosensor platform to demonstrate the possibility of precise cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) diagnosis in participants classified according to Aß-positron emission tomography (PET) positivity and the neuroimaging criteria for CAA. We prospectively recruited 25 people with non-Alzheimer's disease (non-AD) and 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which were further classified into the CAA- and CAA+ (possible and probable CAA) groups according to the modified Boston criteria. Patients underwent plasma Aß analysis using a highly sensitive nano-biosensor platform, Aß-PET scanning, and detailed neuropsychological testing. As a result, the average signal levels of Aß1-42/1-40 differed significantly between the non-AD and AD groups, and the CAA+ group exhibited significantly higher Aß1-40 signal levels than the CAA- group in both non-AD and AD groups. The concordance between the Aß1-40 signal level and the neuroimaging criteria for CAA was nearly perfect, with areas under the curve of 0.954 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.856-1.000), 0.969 (0.894-1.000), 0.867 (0.648-1.000), and 1.000 (1.000-1.000) in the non-AD/CAA- vs. non-AD/possible CAA, non-AD/CAA- vs. non-AD/probable CAA, AD/CAA- vs. AD/possible CAA, and AD/CAA- vs. AD/probable CAA groups, respectively. Higher Aß1-40 signal levels were significantly associated with the presence of CAA according to regression analyses, and the neuroimaging pattern analysis partly supported this result. Our findings suggest that measuring plasma Aß1-40 signal levels using a highly sensitive biosensor platform could be a useful non-invasive CAA diagnostic method.

Technological advances in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of disease biomarkers.

With an increasing focus on health in contemporary society, interest in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases has grown rapidly. Accordingly, the demand for biosensors for the early diagnosis of disease is increasing. However, the measurement range of existing electrochemical sensors is relatively high, which is not suitable for early disease diagnosis, requiring the detection of small amounts of biocomponents. Various attempts have been made to overcome this and amplify the signal, including binding with various labeling molecules, such as DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials. Efforts are also being made to increase the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors, and the combination of nanomaterials, materials, and biotechnology offers the potential to increase sensitivity in a variety of ways. Recent studies suggest that electrochemical sensors can be a powerful tool in providing comprehensive insights into the targeting and detection of disease-associated biomarkers. Significant advances in nanomaterial and biomolecule approaches for improved sensitivity have resulted in the development of electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers in real time in clinically relevant samples. In this review, we have discussed the recent studies on electrochemical sensors for detection of diseases such as diabetes, degenerative diseases, and cancer. Further, we have highlighted new technologies to improve sensitivity using various materials, including DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials.

Plasmonic nanoparticle amyloid corona for screening Aß oligomeric aggregate-degrading drugs.

The generation of toxic amyloid ß (Aß) oligomers is a central feature of the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Drug discoveries for Aß oligomer degradation have been hampered by the difficulty of Aß oligomer purification and a lack of screening tools. Here, we report a plasmonic nanoparticle amyloid corona (PNAC) for quantifying the efficacy of Aß oligomeric aggregate-degrading drugs. Our strategy is to monitor the drug-induced degradation of oligomeric aggregates by analyzing the colorimetric responses of PNACs. To test our strategy, we use Aß-degrading proteases (protease XIV and MMP-9) and subsequently various small-molecule substances that have shown benefits in the treatment of AD. We demonstrate that this strategy with PNAC can identify effective drugs for eliminating oligomeric aggregates. Thus, this approach presents an appealing opportunity to reduce attrition problems in drug discovery for AD treatment.

Multiplexed femtomolar detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in biofluids using a reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 70% of all dementia. Early stage diagnosis of AD is essential as there is no certain treatment after the lesion has progressed in the late stage. Nevertheless, there are still limitations of early diagnosis of AD using neuroimaging and psychological memory assessments. Here, we demonstrate ultrasensitive and multiplexed detection of pivotal AD biomarkers (Aß1-42 and t-Tau) in biofluids using a reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor (gFET). The proposed approach provides a wide logarithmically linear range of detection from 10-1-105 pg mL-1 and a femtomolar-level limit of detection in biofluids (human plasma and artificial cerebrospinal fluid) as well as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Furthermore, as these core biomarkers have different surface charges in physiological conditions based on the isoelectric point (pI), we achieved a distinctive output signal for each biomarker. The gFET biosensor platform presented in this paper has great potential and can be used for early diagnosis of AD in clinical practice as well as accurate analysis based on the surface charge of the analytes.

Longitudinal profiling of oligomeric Aß in human nasal discharge reflecting cognitive decline in probable Alzheimer's disease.

Despite clinical evidence indicating a close relationship between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD), further investigations are warranted to determine the diagnostic potential of nasal surrogate biomarkers for AD. In this study, we first identified soluble amyloid-ß (Aß), the key biomarker of AD, in patient nasal discharge using proteomic analysis. Then, we profiled the significant differences in Aß oligomers level between patient groups with mild or moderate cognitive decline (n = 39) and an age-matched normal control group (n = 21) by immunoblot analysis and comparing the levels of Aß by a self-standard method with interdigitated microelectrode sensor systems. All subjects received the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for grouping. We observed higher levels of Aß oligomers in probable AD subjects with lower MMSE, higher CDR, and higher GDS compared to the normal control group. Moreover, mild and moderate subject groups could be distinguished based on the increased composition of two oligomers, 12-mer Aß*56 and 15-mer AßO, respectively. The longitudinal cohort study confirmed that the cognitive decline of mild AD patients with high nasal discharge Aß*56 levels advanced to the moderate stage within three years. Our clinical evidence strongly supports the view that the presence of oligomeric Aß proteins in nasal discharge is a potential surrogate biomarker of AD and an indicator of cognitive decline progression.

Highly Sensitive Micropatterned Interdigitated Electrodes for Enhancing the Concentration Effect Based on Dielectrophoresis.

The concentration effect of dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity. In this study, microstructures were patterned between the interdigitated microelectrodes (IMEs) to increase the concentration effect of DEP. The microstructures increased the electric field gradient ( ∇ | E 2 | ) between the IMEs to approximately 6.61-fold higher than in the bare IMEs with a gap of 10 µm, resulting in a decreased optimal voltage to concentrate amyloid beta 42 (Aß42, from 0.8 Vpp to 0.5 Vpp) and tau-441 (from 0.9 Vpp to 0.6 Vpp) between the IMEs. Due to the concentration effect of DEP, the impedance change in the optimal condition was higher than the values in the reference condition at 2.64-fold in Aß42 detection and at 1.59-fold in tau-441 detection. This concentration effect of DEP was also verified by counting the number of gold (Au) particles which conjugated with the secondary antibody. Finally, an enhanced concentration effect in the patterned IMEs was verified by measuring the impedance change depending on the concentration of Aß42 and tau-441. Our results suggest that microstructures increase the concentration effect of DEP, leading to enhanced sensitivity of the IMEs.

Electrokinetic Size-Based Spatial Separation of Micro/Nanospheres Using Paper-Based 3D Origami Preconcentrator.

Sample preparation steps (e.g., preconcentration and separation) are key to enhancing sensitivity and reliability in biomedical and analytical chemistry. However, conventional methods (e.g., ultracentrifugation) cause significant loss of sample as well as their contamination. In this study, we developed a paper-based three-dimensional (3D) origami ion concentration polarization preconcentrator (POP) for highly efficient and facile sample preparation. The unique design of POP enables simultaneous preconcentration and spatial separation of target analytes rapidly and economically. The POP comprises accordion-like multifolded layers with convergent wicking areas that can separate analytes based on their sizes in different layers, which can then be easily isolated by unfolding the POP. We first demonstrated 100-fold preconcentration of albumin and its isolation on the specific layers. Then, we demonstrated the simultaneous preconcentration and spatial separation of microspheres of three different sizes (with diameters of 0.02, 0.2, and 2 µm) on the different layers.

Highly selective reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sensor based on a peptide aptamer receptor for detecting explosives.

An essential requirement for bio/chemical sensors and electronic nose systems is the ability to detect the intended target at room temperature with high selectivity. We report a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based gas sensor functionalized with a peptide receptor to detect dinitrotoluene (DNT), which is a byproduct of trinitrotoluene (TNT). We fabricated the multi-arrayed rGO sensor using spin coating and a standard microfabrication technique. Subsequently, the rGO was subjected to photolithography and an etching process, after which we prepared the DNT-specific binding peptide (DNT-bp, sequence: His-Pro-Asn-Phe-Se r-Lys-Tyr-IleLeu-HisGln-Arg-Cys) and DNT non-specific binding peptide (DNT-nbp, sequence: Thr-Ser-Met-Leu-Leu-Met-Ser-Pro-Lys-His-Gln-Ala-Cys). These two peptides were prepared to function as highly specific and highly non-specific (for the control experiment) peptide receptors, respectively. By detecting the differential signals between the DNT-bp and DNT-nbp functionalized rGO sensor, we demonstrated the ability of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) targets to bind to DNT-specific binding peptide surfaces, showing good sensitivity and selectivity. The advantage of using the differential signal is that it eliminates unwanted electrical noise and/or environmental effects. We achieved sensitivity of 27 ± 2 × 10-6 per part per billion (ppb) for the slope of resistance change versus DNT gas concentration of 80, 160, 240, 320, and 480 ppm, respectively. By sequentially flowing DNT vapor (320 ppb), acetone (100 ppm), toluene (1 ppm), and ethanol (100 ppm) onto the rGO sensors, the change in the signal of rGO in the presence of DNT gas is 6400 × 10-6 per ppb whereas the signals from the other gases show no changes, representing highly selective performance. Using this platform, we were also able to regenerate the surface by simply purging with N2.

Comparative analyses of plasma amyloid-ß levels in heterogeneous and monomerized states by interdigitated microelectrode sensor system.

Detection of amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregates contributes to the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Plasma Aß is deemed a less invasive and more accessible hallmark of AD, as Aß can penetrate blood-brain barriers. However, correlations between biofluidic Aß concentrations and AD progression has been tenuous. Here, we introduce a diagnostic technique that compares the heterogeneous and the monomerized states of Aß in plasma. We used a small molecule, EPPS [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid], to dissociate aggregated Aß into monomers to enhance quantification accuracy. Subsequently, Aß levels of EPPS-treated plasma were compared to those of untreated samples to minimize inter- and intraindividual variations. The interdigitated microelectrode sensor system was used to measure plasma Aß levels on a scale of 0.1 pg/ml. The implementation of this self-standard blood test resulted in substantial distinctions between patients with AD and individuals with normal cognition (NC), with selectivity and sensitivity over 90%.