[Yeasts--the pathogen of weed diseases].

Plant pathogenic yeast were isolated from infected weeds that occur in cereal crops. On the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical properties the yeast isolated from sow thistle and dandelion have been identified as Rhodosporidium diobovatum Newell & Hunter and Rhodotorula sp. In the experiment the yeast caused pathological process on the weeds, from which they are isolated, on other types of weeds, but also on wheat, oat and soybean.

[Erwinia amylovora--the fire blight pathogen of trees in Ukraine].

Niduses of fire blight of fruit and ornamental trees have been found in the Kyiv and Vinnitsa regions of Ukraine. Pathogen Erwinia amylovora was isolated between April and October. The pathogen was often accompanied by bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Artificial infection with a mixture of bacteria E. amylovora and P. syringae pv. syringae accelerates and enhances the disease process in the laboratory.

[Phytotoxic properties of Ralstonia solanacearum lipopolysaccharides].

The study is dedicated to research of phytotoxic properties of Ralstonia solanacearum lipopolysaccharides. This causative agent is one of the most dangerous among potato bacterial diseases. It is revealed that the inhibitory effect of LPS solution on seedlings germination is more noticeable on crops susceptible to brown rot. Maximal total phytotoxic properties have been shown by LPS from strains 35, 52b, TX1 and TS3, which were characterized by relatively low rhamnose content. Relative to the control plants LPS may diminish and some ones--increase the root length, height and weight of seedlings, subject to particular strain. But the stimulation revealed is minor.

[Micrococcus sp.--the pathogen of leaf necrosis of horse-chestnuts (Aesculus L.) in Kiev].

A group of phytopathogenic bacteria was isolated from patterns of drying horse-chestnuts (Aesculus L.), which grow in Kyiv. The properties of slowly growing, highly aggressive microorganisms have been described in the paper. They grow up on the 8-10th day after sowing. The investigated microorganisms form very small (0.5-1 mm in diameter) colonies on the potato agar. Bacteria are protuberant, shining, smooth with flat edges, they are pale yellow, yellow, or pink. The bacteria are Gram-positive, spherical, are disposed in smears singly, in pairs, as accumulations, or netting. They are aerobes, do not form spores, are not mobile. They are inert in respect of different sources of carbon. They reduce nitrates, do not dilute gelatin, do not hydrolyze starch, do not release hydrogen sulphide and indole. The bacteria are catalase-positive, oxidase-negative. They do not cause potato and carrot rot. They lose quickly their viability under the laboratory conditions. The saturated acids C 14:0; C 15:0; C16:0; C18:0 have been revealed in the composition of cellular fatty acids. Microorganisms are identified as Micrococcus sp. Under artificial inoculation this highly aggressive pathogen causes drying of the horse-chestnut buds and necrosis, which occupies 1/3-1/2 of the leaf plate. A wide zone of chlorosis, surrounding necrosis, may occupy the whole leaf surface. The infected leaves use to twist up from the top (apex) or along a midrib and to dry.

[Structural and functional characteristic of rat jejunum after long-term exposure to alcohol].

Histological, morphometric and histochemical analysis of the mucous membrane of the jejunum was performed in 40 adult male rats after alcohol intoxication of 2,4 and 6 month duration. It was shown that alcohol intoxication for 2 months resulted in mucosal hypertrophy of the jejunum with a significant increase in the number of goblet cells. After 4 months, there was a tendency for the inhibition of the mitotic activity of enterocytes with the decrease of their regeneration activity. Atrophy of the mucous membrane was aggravated by the 6th month. Morphological changes in the mucous membrane were associated with the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in the enterocytes. Most pronounced decrease in the activity of the enzyme was detected in the cells located at the top of intestinal villi. Maximal enzyme activity inhibition was observed after 6 months.

[Species composition of agents of the horsetail common (Equisetum arvense L.) bacteriosises].

Bacterial diseases of weeds horsetail common (Equisetum arvense L.) were revealed in the crops of wheat and soya in the fields of Kyiv and Vinnitsia Regions of Ukraine. The distinctive symptoms of bacterial affections on the root neck, on stalks of vegetative and spore shoots, on twigs were brown, dark brown or almost black necrotic spots of oblong form. The necroses increased in size, embraced the stalks. The stalks broke, the plants dried up. Patterns of affected plants, isolated and identified phytopathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pantoea agglomerans and Curtobacterium sp. were analyzed These bacteria caused pathological process on the horsetail common, wheat and soy under the conditions of artificial inoculation. The composition of bacteria species was different in different years depending on temperature conditions of vegetative period.

[Changes in neuromediator regulation of the small intestine in experimental alcoholic intoxication].

The effect of ethanol on the bioamin containing structures of the jejunum and ileum walls at different periods of chronic alcoholic intoxication was investigated. The quantitative description of the catecholamine and serotonin content in the enterocytes of epithelial lining villi, submucosa mast cells, crypt enterocytes and muscle membrane is given for the first time by means of luminescent microscopy and cyto spectrofluorimetry. It was established that in the initial period of chronic alcohol intoxication for 60 days in rats increased serotonin effect on intestinal functional structures was observed. On longer terms there is a disturbance of relationships of biogenic amines and the regulating role of catecholamines starts to prevail.

[Morpho-functional changes of rat ileum in ethanol intoxication].

The effect of chronic alcohol intoxication of 2, 4 and 6 months' duration on the morpho-functional state of the ileum was studied in male rats (n = 36) using histological, morphometric and histochemical methods. The results show that alcohol intoxication for a period of 2 months induced the changes in the mucous membrane of the ileum which in the form of its hypertrophy accompanied by the increase of epitheliocyte mitotic activity and goblet cell number. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the enterocytes and muscular tunic myocytes of the ileum wall was increased. After 4 and 6 months the changes included the inhibition of enterocyte mitotic activity. By 6 months of the experiment marked atrophy of the mucous membrane was noted. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was decreased in all the structures studied.

[Alcohol-induced changes of biogenic amine-containing structures of the large intestine].

Using the methods of luminescent microscopy and cytospectrofluorometry, biogenic amine-containing structures were studied in colon of rats subjected to alcohol intoxication of 2, 4 and 6 months' duration. It was demonstrated that 2- and 4-month-long alcohol intoxication of animals resulted in biogenic amine content increase in the mucosal surface epithelium, submucosal mast cells and adrenergic nerve fibers within the connective tissue bands in the muscular tunic. At the same time, 6 month-long intoxication was accompanied by a stabilization of bioamine content at the elevated level.

[Phytopathogenic bacteria of couch-grass in the crops of wheat].

Bacterialdiseases of weeds in the crops of wheat on the fields of Kyiv and Vinnytsya regions of Ukraine Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski Agropyrum repens L. were revealed. The following symptoms of bacterial affections: the leaves wither, oval or hatched necrotic spots on green leaves, necroses on the stalks, empty-ears, partial blackening of the ear axes, awns, caryopsises, scales, water-soaked or dark brown with violet shade spots on the rhizomes were found. During the vegetation period bacteria were isolated from the affected plants which caused pathological process in the couch-grass and wheat. The pathogenic bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas syringae, P. viridiflava, Pseudomonas sp., Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, Pantoea agglomerans, the part of yellow-pigmentary isolates were not identified. Some Psyringae were isolated from the rhizomes during winterthawing. The paper is presented in Ukrainian.

[Etiology of mass tomato disease in the farms of Ukraine].

It was established, that the main cause of bacterial tomato wilting in the fields and greenhouses is Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the agent of tomato bacterial canker. It is especially dangerous in the greenhouse soil, where it causes the mass plant diseases in the fruiting period. In greenhouses, the TBC appears as the vein disease, while in fields--as leaf and fruit disease. In conditions of artificial infection in fields, the ability of Cmm to cause the fruit rotting was found out. The isolates do not differ from those described in the literature by their phenotypical characteristics, by fatty acid content in particular. The sensitivity of isolates to pesticides, recommended for control of other tomato pathogens, was established. Antagonists, isolated from tomato seeds, are promising for the control.

[Pantoea agglomerans--pathogen of Elytrigia repens and Arrhenatherum elatius diseases].

Strains of Pantoea agglomerans were isolated from the samples with symptoms of bacterial damage of various organs of Elytrigia repens and Arrhenatherum elatius. The isolated bacteria are aggressive to different extent for a host-plant and a number of cultivated plants. Some problems of evolution of this bacterial species parasitism are discussed.

[Pseudomonas genus bacteria on weeds].

It has been shown in the work that the weeds (couch-grass and ryegrass) may be affected by bacterial diseases in natural conditions, Pseudomonas genus bacteria being their agents. The isolated bacteria are highly-aggressive in respect of the host-plant and a wide range of cultivated plants: wheat, rye, oats, barley, apple-tree and pear-tree. In contrast to highly aggressive bacteria isolated from the affected weeds, bacteria-epi phytes isolated from formally healthy plants (common amaranth, orache, flat-leaved spurge, field sow thistle, matricary, common coltsfoot, narrow-leaved vetch) and identified as P. syringae pv. coronafaciens, were characterized by weak aggression. A wide range of ecological niches of bacteria evidently promote their revival and distribution everywhere in nature.

[Chemical and biological characterization of lipopolysaccharides from the Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola IMV 381 collection culture and its dissociants]. / Khimiko-biologicheskaia kharakteristika lipopolisakharidov iz kollektsionnoi kul'tury Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola IMV 381 i ee dissotsiantov.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from the crude bacterial mass of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola IMV 381 collection culture and its virulent and avirulent subcultures isolated earlier from the heterogeneous collection culture due to its natural variability during long-term storage. The composition, immunochemical properties, and certain parameters of the biological activity of the LPS preparations obtained were studied. The structural parts of the LPS macromolecule--lipid A, the core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide (OPS)--were isolated and characterized. The following fatty acids were identified in the lipid A composition of all cultures: 3-OH-C10:0, C12:0, 2-OH-C12:0, 3-OH-C12:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:1, and C18:0. Glucosamine (GlcN), ethanolamine (EtN), phosphoethanolamine (EtN-P), and phosphorus (P) were revealed in the hydrophilic portion of the macromolecule. In the core portion of the LPS macromolecule, glucose (Glc), rhamnose (Rha), GlcN, galactosamine (GalN), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO), alanine (Ala), and P were found. The peculiarities of the structure of LPS isolated from the stable collection culture (LPS(stab)) and its virulent (LPS(vir)) and avirulent (LPS(air)) subcultures were studied. LPS(vir) and LPS(avir) were identical in the monosaccharide composition and contained as the main components L-rhamnose (L-Rha) and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (D-Fuc3NAc), like LPS(stab) studied earlier. The NMR spectra of LPS(vir) were identical to the spectra of LPS(stab), whose O-chain repeating unit structure was studied by us earlier, whereas LPS(avir) differed from LPS(vir) in the NMR spectrum and was identified by us as the SR form. LPS(avir) was serologically identical to LP(stab) and LPS(vir). Hence, the degree of polymerism of the LPS O-chain of P. syringae pv. maculicola IMV 381 is the main virulence factor in the infected model plants. Serological relationships were studied between P. syringae pv. maculicola IMV 381 and the strains of other pathovars with structurally similar LPS.

[Serological heterogeneity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains and their ecological niches]. / Serologicheskaia geterogennost' shtammov Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens i ikh ékologicheskie nishi.

The paper deals with a comparative analysis of the serological and ecological properties of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains from the collections of microbial cultures at the Malkov Institute for Plant Genetic Resources and Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology. All of the strains from the Bulgarian collection, except for one, fall into five serogroups (II through VI) of the classification system of Pastushenko and Simonovich. The P. syringae pv. atrofaciens strains isolated from Bulgarian and Ukrainian wheats belong mainly to serogroups II and IV, respectively. The strains that were isolated from rye plants belong to serogroup I. The strains isolated from sorghum and Sudan grass belong to serogroups II, IV, and VL. Serogroup III includes the P. syringae pv. atrofaciens strains that were isolated from cereals in the United Kingdom but not in Ukraine.

[Some characteristics of Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola dissociants]. / Nekotorye kharakteristiki dissotsiantov Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola dissociants producing colonies of different morphotype were found to possess similar biochemical and serological properties but different virulence to the host plant. The heterogeneous extracellular and intracellular lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes of the dissociants differed in their chemical composition and biological activity towards test plants.

Characterization of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas syringae (serogroup II).

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae 90a, 435, pv. atrofaciens K-1025, pv. morsprunorum CF-4 referred by Pastushenko and Simonovich (1979) to serogroup II have been studied. The strains were shown to be heterogeneous by chemical composition of core and lipid A and structure of O-specific polysaccharide. The preparations heterogeneity in serological cross reactions were also detected. O-specific polysaccharides of the strains having similar structures were not identical in serological tests. The assumption on the lipid A role in serogrouping of P. syringae strains has been advanced.

[The characteristics of the lipid A of the lipopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas syringae strains]. / Kharakteristika lipida A lipopolisakharidov shtammov Pseudomonas syringae.

Component composition of lipid A of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 218 and P-55, pv. syringae (holci) 8299, pv. phaseolicola 120a, pv. atrofaciens 2399 has been studied. The lipid A composition of all the strains studied includes 3-hydroxydecanoic fatty acid (3-OH-C10:0), 2-hydroxydodecanoic (2-OH-C12:0), 3-hydroxydodecanoic (3-OH-C12:0), dodecanoic (C12:0), hexadecanoic (C16:0), octadecanoioc (C18:0), hexadecenic (C16:1), octadecenic (C18:1) fatty acids. The carbohydrate part of the lipid A macromolecule of all strains after acid hydrolysis contains ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine, glucosamine.

[The immunochemical characteristics of the lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas syringae (pathovars atrofaciens and phaseolicola) and P. holci (serogroup VI)]. / Immunokhimicheskaia kharakteristika lipopolisakharidov Pseudomonas syringae (patovarov atrofaciens, phaseolicola) i P. holci (VI serogruppa).

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the representatives of strains of serogroup VI Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae pv. atrofaciens 2399, pv. phaseolicola 120a, 7842 and P. holci 8299) possessing virulence and confinement to the host-plant are characterized by high serological activity in direct and cross reactions of the binary diffusion in agar, immunoelectrophoresis, passive hemagglutination and inhibition of passive hemagglutination. A supernatant and a sediment obtained after ultracentrifugation of LPS preparations possessed O-antigenic activity. O-specific polysaccharide (PS) is serologically less active than the LPS preparations. Problems of the intergroup and intragroup serological affinity in connection with the structure of O-specific PS. It is proved that the basic chain of O-specific polysaccharide (D-rhamnane) plays definite (but not a single) part in displaying antigenic properties of the whole LPS macromolecule.