[Polymorphism in promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP9, and MMP12) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients].

Our studies have shown that the genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphisms G(-1607)GG of MMPI gene, C(-1562)T of MMP9 gene and A(-82)G of MMP12 gene do not significantly differ in the samples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (N = 318) and healthy controls (N = 319) dwelling in Bashkortostan Republic. However, association of (-1562)T allele of the MMP9 gene with the severity of COPD disease progression has been revealed. In COPD patients at stage 4 of the disease, the frequency of allele T was significantly higher that in patients with the stages 2 and 3 (15.89% versus 8.38%; chi2 = 7.804, d.f. = 1, P = = 0.005; OR = 2.06 95% CI 1.22-3.49). The distribution of the genotype frequencies of C(-1562)T polymorphism of MMP9 gene significantly differed between the patients with various COPD severity (chi2 = 9.849, d.f. = 2, P = 0.007). The individuals with rare genotype TT were revealed only among patients with severe COPD form (3.97% versus 0%; chi2 = 4.78, P = 0.029, Pcor = 0.058). Analysis of this polymorphism in patients with early COPD onset (younger than 55 years old) has shown a significant increase in the allele Tfrequency in the group of patients with severe COPD (stage 4 according to GOLD) compared to the patients of the same age but with less severe COPD progression (chi2 = 5.26, d.f. = 1, P = 0.022). As the major clinical characteristics of stage 4 COPD is the development of pulmonary emphysema as well as bronchial walls deformation, we suggest that the increased expression of MMP9 gene caused by genetic polymorphism in the gene promoter is important in the early development of serious complications of the disease.

[Association of cytokines genes (ILL, IL1RN, TNF, LTA, IL6, IL8, IL0) polymorphic markers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of the cytokines genes in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL1B, IL1RN, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL8 H IL10 were investigated in COPD patients (N = 319) and healthy individuals (N = 403) living in Ufa, the Republic of Bashkortostan. We observed that IL1RN*2/IL1RN*2 genotype of ILRN gene was associated with susceptibility for COPD (9.8% vs. 4.67%; chi(2)= 5.45, df= 1, P = 0.02; OR = 2.21). Analysis of the LTA gene polymorphic locus A252G showed that in patients with COPD, the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher than that in the control group (7.84% vs. 3.72%; chi(2) = 5.00, df= 1, P = 0.025). The increase of this genotype was significant in case of stage IV of COPD (11.18% vs. 4.79%; chi(2) = 3.075, df= 1, P = 0.07). Frequency of genotype combination TNFA-308 G/G and LTA252 A/A significantly decreased in COPD group (38.55% vs. 46.93% in control group; chi(2) = 8.82, df= 1, P = 0.0039). The frequency of GG genotype of the IL6 gene was higher in the patients with stage IV of COPD (43.75% vs. 31.54%, chi(2) = 4.14, P = 0.041). Our results indicate that the genotype frequency of the T(-511)C, T3953C of IL1B, G(-308)A of TNFA, G(-1 74)C of IL6, A(-251)C of IL8 and C(-627)A of ILl0 genes polymorphisms was similar in COPD and healthy control groups.

[Genotypes of vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy population of Republic Bashkortostan].

The distribution of alleles and genotypes of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene has been studied in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, n = 298) and healthy individuals (n = 237) from two ethnic groups (Tatars and Russians) living in Republic Bashkortostan. Statistically significant differences in the distribution of DBP gene genotypes between Tatars and Russians (chi2 = 8.854, df = 5, P = 0.04) were revealed. The pattern of allele's distribution within DBP gene was similar in healthy control subjects of both ethnic groups, with gradient reduction in row GC*1S> GC*1F> GC*2. The most common genotypes were: GC*1F/1S in Tatars (36.79%) and GC*1S/2 in Russians (34.62%). It has been shown, that Tatars with genotype GC*1F/1S have a lower risk of COPD development: the frequency of GC*1F/1S genotype in COPD patients was significantly lower than in healthy individuals (19.85% versus 36.79%; chi2 = 7.622, P = 0.0067, Pcor = 0.0335; OR = 0.42 CI 95% 0.22-0.79). At the same time, COPD patients from the same group had higher frequency of GC* 1F/2 genotype than healthy individuals (19.08% versus 8.49%; chi2 = 4.52, P = 0.033, Pcor = 0.165; OR = 2.54 CI 95% 1.067-6.20). In Russian population the distribution of alleles and genotypes of DBP gene were similar in COPD patients and healthy individuals.

[Complex search for antiprotease-protease enzyme gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases]. / Kompleksnyi analiz genov fermentov proteoliza-antiproteoliza (PI, AACT, MMP1) u bol'nykh khronicheskimi obstruktivnymi zabolevaniiami organov dykhaniia.

Based on the protease-antiprotease hypothesis in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, we investigated the influence of Z and S mutations and TaqI-polymorphism of alpha1-antitrypsin gene (PI) and Ala - 15Thr polymorphism in signal peptide of alpha1-antichymotrypsin gene (AACT) in patients with COPD (n = 239), nonobstructive chronic bronchitis (n = 34), brochiectases (n = 33), chronic infant lung disease (n = 151) and cystic fibrosis (n = 57). The allele and genotype frequency of any genetic polymorphism was not statistically different between the groups and control subjects (n = 225). Furthermore, promoter polymorphism G - 1607GG in interstitial collagenase gene (MMP1) was determined in patients with COPD, chronic nonobstructive bronchitis and bronchiectases. In patients with COPD it was marked prevalence of mutant homozygous genotype GG/GG compared to controls (30.6 % and 18.0%, respectively, OR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.11-3.59). These findings suggest that genetic polymorphism in the promoter of MMPI gene may be associated with individual susceptibility to the development of COPD.

[Allelic variants of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily as markers of the severity of the course of chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchiectatic disease]. / Allel'nye variatny genov supersemeistva TNF kak markery tiazhesti techeniia khronicheskoi obstruktivnoi bolezni legkikh i bronkhoéktaichskoi bolezni.

The distribution of allelic variants of genes of the TNF superfamily (TNFA and LTA) was studied in 172 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectatic disease (n = 22), and in healthy individuals (n = 169). Analysis of the TNFA gene locus -308G-->A revealed no differences between the examined groups. Analysis of the LTA gene polymorphic locus +252A-->G showed that in patients with COPD, the frequency of the G allele was significantly higher than that in the control group (chi 2 = 3.98, p < 0.05). The presence of this allele in the genotype was correlated with the degree of COPD severity. Thus, in patients with stage II COPD, heterozygous AG genotype predominated (51.3%), whereas in patients with stage III COPD, the frequency of AG genotype was reduced to 32.7% at the expense of increased frequency of GG genotype (14.6%) (chi 2 = 6.78, p < 0.05; OR = 4.6, CI 1.37-15.96). The distribution of combined TNFA and LTA genotypes was also studied. In the group of COPD patients, the proportion of individuals with a combination of normal GG TNFA genotype and heterozygous AG LTA genotype was significantly higher (28.5% versus 18.4% in control; chi 2 = 4.14, p < 0.05; OR = 1.75, CI = 1.01-3.04). Genotype combinations were characterized at various clinical stages of COPD and bronchiectatic disease (BED). Thus, we have shown for the first time ever that LTA gene alleles and their combinations with the polymorphic variants of the TNFA gene are associated with predisposition to COPD and severity of this disease.

[Role of polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A1, CYP2E1) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) in pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and chronic respiratory tract diseases]. / Rol' polimorfnykh variantov genov tsitokhormov P450 (CYP1A1, CYP2E1) i mikrosomal'noi époksidgidrolazy (mEPHX) v patogeneze mukovistsidoza i khronicheskikh zabolevanii dykhzatel'noi sistemy.

Frequencies of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and mEPHX polymorphic variants were analyzed in cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive lung disease, bronchiectatic disease, chronic nonobstructive bronchitis, and recurring bronchitis. Mutations in CYP1A1 and mEPHX were shown to modify the severity of respiratory disorders in cystic fibrosis, the combination of CYP1A1 genotype Val/Val with the "very slow" mEPHX phenotype being most unfavorable (odds ratio OR = 12.30). Heterozygosity at both CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 was associated with chronic obstructive lung disease and recurring bronchitis (OR = 4.08 and 11.72, respectively). The "very slow" phenotype of mEPHX was predisposing to chronic respiratory disorders regardless of the CYP1A1 or CYP2E1 alleles (OR = 4.06). Basing on the above correlations, a combination of the "very slow" mEPHX phenotype with elevated cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP2E1) activities was assumed to expedite severe respiratory disorders.

[Polymorphism of genes for xenobiotic metabolism in petrochemical workers]. / Polimorfizm genov metabolizma ksenobiotikov u rabochikh neftekhimicheskikh proizvodstv.

Genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes responsible for individual susceptibility to different environmental factors was examined in a cohort of petrochemical workers occupationally exposed to adverse action of chemical compounds. Molecular genetic analysis of the 1462V mutation in exon 17 of the CYP1A gene demonstrated close similarity between the genotype and allele frequency distribution patterns in the industrial and control groups. No association between the CYP1A polymorphic alleles and genotypes and the duration of service and concomitant diseases was observed. The odds ratio of the disease development in the workers carrying heterozygous CYP1A1 mutant allele was 2.2. Analysis of the STM1 gene polymorphism demonstrated a decrease in the frequency of the homozygous deletion carriers in the workers compared to the control group. There were no substantial differences between the industrial and control groups with respect to the frequencies of rapid and slow acetylator genotypes revealed at the analysis of the NAT2 gene polymorphism. However, considering the concomitant diseases, in the corresponding industrial subgroup a clear trend towards lower frequency of rapid acetylators was demonstrated. In addition, the odds ratio of the disease development for the workers with slow acetylator phenotype was 1.7.

[Analysis of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene polymorphism in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in populations of the Volga-Ural region]. / Analiz polimorfizma gena N-atsetiltransferazy 2 u bol'nykh khronicheskimi obstruktivnymi bolezniami legkikh i v populiatsiiakh Volgo-Ural'skogo regiona.

Restriction fragment-length polymorphism of the gene coding for N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) was typed in populations of the Volga-Ural region (Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvashes, Udmurts, and Russians) as well as in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in healthy individuals. Rapid and slow acetylator phenotypes were determined based on the presence or absence of the KpnI, TaqI, and BamHI restriction endonuclease recognition sites. The proportion of slow acetylators in the populations examined varied from 40.00% in Bashkirs to 64.15% in Chuvashes with statistically significant difference between these two ethnic groups (chi 2 = 5.7; p = 0.02). Overall, in the Volga-Ural populations slow acetylators represented 56.25% of the subjects examined. This value was similar to those presented in other studies of Caucasoid populations. In the COPD patients a statistically significant decrease of the slow acetylator frequency to 48.28% compared to healthy individuals (62.18%) was observed (chi 2 = 4.60; p = 0.036). The data obtained suggest a possible association between the drug resistance in the COPD patients with the rapid acetylator phenotype, which can lead to the development of the chronic form of the disease.