[The influence of chromium chloride consumption on peroxidation processes and activity of antioxidant defence in rat tissues].

The supplementation of a standart vivarium food with 200 mg/kg CrCl3 x 6H2O caused an increase in chromium content and a decrease in hydroperoxide and TBARS in most tissues examined. Also in all organs and tissues of rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase incresed at action of chromium increased. In brain and kidneys the level of reduced glutathione increased. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in heart and skeletal muscles of animals and equal in lungs and liver, and in other organs--brain, kidneys and spleen in animals of the studied group the enzyme activity was lower compared to animals of control group. These results demonstrate the regulatory influence of chromium on free radical process in rat tissues.

[The utilization of [9,10-(3)H] stearic and [1-(14)C] linolenic acids in the in-vitro synthesis of lipids in ruminant tissues]. / Ispol'zovanie [9,10-(3)H] stearinovoi i [1-(14)C] linolenovoi kislot v sinteze lipidov in vitro v tkaniakh zhvachnykh.

The radioactivity of the synthesized total lipids after in vitro incubation of liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue homogenates from ruminants with [9,10-3H]stearic acid was 3.5, 2.9 and 6.6 times higher than after the incubation of these organs and tissues with [1-14C]linolenic acid, respectively compared with the radioactivity of non-esterificant fatty acids fraction being in this case 2.0, 1.7 and 1.6 times lower, respectively. The radioactivity of phospholipids, di- and triglycerides, free and esters cholesterols after the incubation of liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue homogenates with [9,10-3H]stearic acid comprised 30.6-33.5, 13.2-18.0, 23.2-32.5, 18.2-23.0, 2.8-3.3 per cent of total lipid radioactivity, respectively, and after the incubation with [1-14C]linolenic acid this correlation was as follows: 46.5-51.5,17.8-33.3, 4.0-10.6, 9.2-15.4 and 0.6-4.5 per cent of total lipids radioactivity.

[Metabolism of [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid in ruminant tissues during the pre- and postnatal periods of development under in vitro conditions]. / Metabolizm [1-(14)C]arakhindonovoi kisloty v tkaniakh zhvachnykh v prenatal'nyi i postnatal'nyi periody razvitiia v usloviiakh in vitro.

After in vitro incubation of liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues from the fetuses and adult cattle as well as of placenta tissue with [1-14C]arachidonic acid, about 90% of the radioactive label was found in the lipids, 10%-in the prostaglandins, and 0.1%-in 14CO2. Arachidonic acid was utilized for the synthesis of lipids and prostaglandins in the majority of fetal tissues in a much greater degree, whereas that in energy-linked process--in a smaller degree compared with adult cattle tissues. [1-14C]arachidonic acid metabolism in the placenta and liver of the given species proceeds much more intensely than that in the skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. In tissues of adult animals [1-14C]arachidonic acid is predominantly utilized for the synthesis of phospholipids, whereas that in fetal tissues is utilized for the synthesis of phospholipids, cholesterol, esters and triglycerides.

[Activity, hexokinase isoenzyme spectrum and various factors of their regulation in liver and skeletal muscles of young piglets]. / Aktivnost', izofermentnyi spektr geksokinazy i nekotorye faktory ikh reguliatsii v pecheni i skeletnykh myshtsakh porosiat v rannem vozraste.

Hexokinase in the liver of 1- and 5-day-old piglets is presented by four isoforms and in the skeletal muscles--by two ones. The enzyme activity in the liver and skeletal muscles of 5-day-old piglets is much higher than in 1-day-old ones. The increased hexokinase activity in the tissues of piglets during the first days of life appears to be due to the changes in their isoenzyme spectrum. The hexokinase activity and isoenzyme spectrum in the investigated tissue were affected by insulin, cortisol and 24 hours long starvation. These changes depended upon the age of the animals and differed in various organs and tissues: in 1-day-old piglets they were more pronounced in the skeletal muscles, while in 5-days-old animals--in the liver.

[Metabolism of (3-(14)C)tryptophan and (2-(14)C)alanine in cattle tissues]. / Metabolizm (3-(14)C)triptofana i (2-(14)Calanina v tkaniakh krupnogo rogatogo skota.

In the experiments involving incubation of the liver, brain cortex, muscle and adipose tissues homogenates with [3-14C] tryptophan for an hour 43.2-89.3% of the label was found in proteins, 7.2-47.2%--in lipids, 2.6-9.4%--in CO2. Following incubation of the above-mentioned tissue homogenates with [2-14C] alanine, proteins, lipids and CO2 contain 28.8-49.3%; 22.6-31.9% and 21.6-49.3% of radioactive label, respectively. Radioactivity of lipids synthesized by the homogenates of the investigated tissues from [3-14C] tryptophan and [2-14C] alanine is 23.5-63.5 and 21.1-56.0%, respectively, the radioactivity of CO2 being 1.4-5.1 and 9.3-11.8% of the above-mentioned compounds synthesized from [1-14C] acetate. The results obtained testify to the considerable contribution of [3-14C] tryptophan and [2-14C] alanine to protein synthesis as well as to their involvement in the substrate supply of lipogenesis and energetic processes in various organs and tissues of cattle.

[The lipogenic role of leucine in animal skeletal muscles]. / Lipogennaia rol' leitsina v skeletnykh myshtsakh zhivotnykh.

After incubation of rat, pig and cattle skeletal muscle homogenates with [U-14C]leucine, 80.4%, 37.0% and 57.0% of radioactivity was found in the proteins, 9.4%, 58.7% and 40.9% in the lipids, and 10.2%, 4.3% and 2.1% in 14CO2. This suggests that along-side with utilization in protein synthesis, leucine plays an essential role in lipid synthesis in muscle tissues of agricultural animals. The contribution of [U-14C]leucine to lipogenesis with substrates is greater than that of [U-14C]acetate and [U-14C]glucose in cattle skeletal muscles in vitro and greater than that of [U-14C]acetate in pig muscle. The CO2 production during oxidation of the [U-14C]leucine carbohydrate chain is higher than that during [U-14C]glucose and [U-14C]palmitate oxidation in skeletal muscles of rat and pig. In skeletal muscles of all animal species under study [U-14C]acetate is oxidized far more intensively than the other substrates tested.

[The effect of insulin and thyroxine on the age-related dynamics of synthesis and degradation of proteins in skeletal muscles of cattle]. / Vplyv insulinu i tyroksynu na vikovu dynamiky syntezu i rozshcheplennia bilkiv u skeletnykh m'iasakh velykoi rogatoï khudoby.

The intensity of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein synthesis in skeletal muscle homogenates of the cattle aged from 45 to 360 days is 3.5 and 3.8 times reduced, respectively, and remains at the same level in the old beef cattle aged 540 days. Exogenous insulin and thyroxin increases the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein synthesis in skeletal muscle homogenates of animal at certain stages of postnatal ontogenesis. The catepsin and neutral protease activities are 2.0 and 1.7 times as low in the skeletal muscle of the cattle aged from 45 to 360 days while in the subsequent period they change slightly. Exogenous insulin decreases the catepsin protease activities but does not change the neutral protease activities in the skeletal muscle of animal at the most stages of postnatal ontogenesis. Exogenous thyroxin increases the catepsin and neutral protease activities in skeletal muscle of animals at the some stages of postnatal ontogenesis.

[Oxidation in vivo of glucose, palmitate, alanine and leucine in the pig during the neonatal period]. / Okislenie in vivo gliukozy, pal'mitata, alanina i leitsina u porosiat v neonatal'nyi period.

Determination of 14CO2 content in expired air after the intravenous injection of energetic substrates marked by the radioactive carbon to the pigs showed that the oxidative intensity of these substrates decreases in the series: [6-14C]glucose greater than [1-14C] alanine greater than [1-14C]leucine greater than [1-14C]glucose. The oxidation intensity of all substrates under study except for [1-14C]palmitate in the organism of one-day satisfied pigs is considerably higher, than during the first two hours after their birth. The starvation of pigs during the first 24 hours increases the oxidation of both investigated amino acid and [1-14C]-palmitate in tissues of their organism with a decrease in the metabolic intensity of [6-14C] and [1-14C]glucose.

[In vitro oxidation of [U-14C] palmitate, [1-14C] and [6-14C] glucose in newborn and adult rats and pigs]. / Okislenie in vitro [U-14C] pal'mitata, [1-14C] i [6-14C] gliukozy u novorozhdennykh i vzroslykh krys i svinei.

Studies have been made on the intensity of oxidation of [U-14C]-palmitate, [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose by slices of the liver and skeletal muscles of new-born, 1-day, 5-day and adult Wistar rats and domestic pigs. It was found that the level of 14CO2 production from these substrates is higher in tissues of rats than in those of pigs. At early stages of ontogenesis, in tissues of both species intensive oxidation of glucose is observed together with oxidation of fatty acids. In the course of ontogenetic development, the intensity of glucose utilization significantly decreases, whereas the level of fatty acid catabolism remains relatively unaffected.

[Changes in the ultrastructure and intensity of lipid synthesis in the adipocytes of subcutaneous fatty tissue of piglets following birth]. / Izmeneniia ul'trastruktury i intensivnosti sinteza lipidov v adipotsitakh podkozhnoi zirovoi tkani porosiat posle rozhdeniia.

In the subcutaneous adipose tissue of new-born pigs (before taking up the colostrum) poly-vacuolar adipocytes prevail, containing a small amount of triacylglycerols (triacylglycerines). In the investigated tissue of 1 day old piglets, the increase in triacylglycerols is associated not only with the deposition of colostrum lipids, but also with the intense synthesis of fatty acids de novo from (U-14C)-glucose. In the adipose tissue of 5 day old piglets (U14-C)-glucose is incorporated intensively in the fraction of acylglycerols, whereas in 1 day old animals phospholipids make up 40% of the lipids synthesized by adipocytes. The revealed peculiarities of lipogenesis in the pig adipose tissue are associated with the hyperplasy and hypertrophy of cell elements.

[Use of several precursors for in vivo lipid synthesis in different animal organs and tissues in the neonatal period]. / Ispol'zovanie razlichnykh predshestvennikov v sinteze lipidov in vivo v raznykh organakh i tkaniakh zhivotnykh v neonatal'nyi period.

The radioactivity of total lipids and their classes synthesized from the 14C-labeled palmitate, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, oxybutyrate and alanine in the liver, lungs, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue and jejunal mucosa of one- and five-day-old piglets was investigated. The lipid synthesis from the majority of the precursors under study in animal organs and tissues decreases in the following order: lungs greater than liver greater than jejunal mucosa greater than adipose tissue greater than skeletal muscle. Incorporation of the label from [1-14C]palmitate and [3-14C]oxybutyrate into the lipids occurs more intensively than that from other labeled compounds. In piglets of one to five days of age, the expenditure of [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C] glucose for lipid synthesis in most organs and tissues decreases, whereas that of [1-14C]alanine and [1-14C]pyruvate increases. The label from [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]glucose is mainly localized in the liver, lungs, muscular tissue and jejunal mucosa phospholipids, while that in the adipose tissue--in acylglycerols. The amount of phospholipids in most organs and tissues of one-day-old animals is greater, while that of acylglycerols smaller in comparison with the five-day-old ones. There is a correlation between the synthesis of individual lipid classes and the degree of functional maturity of organs and tissues of young animals.

[Effect of insulin and cortisol on oxidation of (1-14C)glucose, (6-14C)glucose, (1-14C)palmitate and (1-14C)leucine in the tissues of swine during the neonatal period]. / Vliianie insulina i kortizola na okislenie (1-14C)gliukozy, (6-14C)gliukozy, (1-14C)pal'mitata i (1-14C)leitsina v tkaniakh porosiat v neonatal'nyi period.

The intensity of [1-14C]glucose, [6-14C]glucose, [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]leucine oxidation and the effect of insulin and hydrocortisone on this process were studied in the brain, duodenum mucosa, liver and skeletal muscle of 1- and 5-day old piglets in vitro. Most of the studied substrates are oxidized in the tissues of 5-day piglets more intensively. Insulin stimulates oxidation of [1-14C]glucose, [6-14C]glucose and [1-14C]leucine in the brain and duodenum mucosa in 1- and 5-day old piglets, while in the liver and skeletal muscle--only in 5-day old piglets. Hydrocortisone administration enhances oxidation of [1-14C]leucine in most of the studied tissues in 1-day piglets and oxidation of [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose--in 5-day piglets. Both hormones produce no essential influence on the intensity of [1-14C]palmitate oxidation in the studied tissues of piglets or somewhat weaken it.

[Peculiarities of the metabolism of beta-oxybutyric acid in liver and skeletal muscles of piglets]. / Osobennosti metabolizma beta-oksimaslianoi kisloty v pecheni i skeletnykh myshtsakh porosiat.

The intensity of [3-14C] oxybutyrate oxidation in the skeletal muscle and thin intestinal mucosa of the 30- and 60-day piglets in vitro is 1,2-4 times as high as the degree of its utilization in the lipid synthesis. Differences in the degree of utilization of [3-14C] oxybutyrate in the energy processes and lipid synthesis in the 30-day piglets tissues is considerably higher after weaning, but in the 60-day piglets--before weaning them from sows. The degree of [3-14C] oxybutyrate oxidation in the skeletal muscle and thin intestinal mucosa of piglets is 1.3-8 times and the degree of its uptake in the lipid synthesis in these tissues and liver is 3-9.1 times as high as the degree of [1-14C] glucose up-take in these processes. [3-14C] oxybutyrate uptake in the lipid synthesis in thin intestinal mucosa of piglets is more intensive than in the liver and skeletal muscle.

[Utilization of 1-14C- glucose, 1-14C-acetate and 1-14C-palmitate during lipid synthesis in vitro in the liver and skeletal muscles of pigs at different ontogenic stages]. / Ontogeneticheskie osobennosti sinteza lipidov v pecheni i skeletnykh myshtsakh svinei in vitro iz 1-14C-gliukozy, 1-14C-atsetata i 1-14C-pal'mitata.

The specific radioactivity of lipids synthesized in the liver and quadriceps muscle of 110-day embryos, and 1-, 30-, 60-, 90-day and 12-month pigs in vitro from [1-14C]acetate, [1-14C] glucose and [1-14C] palmitate was investigated. The lipid synthesis from most of the above compounds in the fetal liver developed at a greater rate and in the fetal skeletal muscles at a smaller rate than in livers and skeletal muscles of newborn piglets. During the first months after birth the lipid synthesis from [1-14C] acetate, [1-14C] glucose and [1-14C] palmitate in the liver increased gradually. At the same time the lipid synthesis in skeletal muscles from [1-14C]glucose and [1-14C]palmitate decreased and from [1-14C] acetate increased. The utilization of the above compounds in the lipid synthesis of the liver and quadriceps muscle of pigs follows the decreasing order: [1-14C] palmitate greater than [1-14C]acetate greater than [1-14C]glucose.

[Changes in the activity of various enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscles of pigs during ontogenesis]. / Izmenenie aktivnosti nekotorykh fermentov uglevodnogo obmena v pecheni i skeletnykh myshtsakh svinei v ontogeneze.

Hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity was studied in the liver and musculus quadriceps femoris of 110-day foetuses 1, 2, 3, 30 and 60-day piglets and in adult pigs. The activity of all enzymes in the tissues of newborn piglets is considerably higher than in the tissues of foetuses. The activity of hexokinase in both tissues of piglets increases in the first days after birth and lowers by the one month age. The phosphofructokinase activity in the skeletal muscles and the glucokinase one in the pig liver increase during the postnatal development. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in both tissues of pigs increases after birth and then decreases. Glucose metabolism in the pig liver at all stages of odontogenesis proceeds more intensively by the pentose phosphate pathway, and in the skeletal muscles--by glycolytic one.

[Ontogenic changes of fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters in pig tissues]. / Zhirnye kisloty efirov kholesterina v tkaniakh svinei v ontogeneze.

The fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters was studied in the liver, lungs and adrenal tissue from 110-day foetus, 1-day, 3-month old piglets and adult pigs. In the tissues from foetus and newborn piglets a relative amount of linoleic acid of cholesterol esters is lower and that of arachidonic acid is higher, than in cholesterol esters of piglets and adult pig tissues. The quantity of linoleic acid of cholesterol esters in pig tissues in early postnatal ontogenesis increases. A decrease is observed for a relative amount of stearic, oleic and palmitoeleic acids in the cholesterol esters of the liver tissues and for that of arachidonic acid--in the lung tissues. In the adrenal tissue the quantity of arachidonic acid decreases and that of oleic and eicosotrienic acids rises.