[Embryonal morphogenesis of the intraorgan circulatory bed, lymphatic outflow pathways and innervation structures]. / Embrional'yi morfogenez vnutriorgannogo krovenosnogo rusla, puteï limfoottoka i struktur innervatsii.

Development of the circulation bed in human embryogenesis is brought about by a loop-like growth of vessels manifesting in proliferation, integration and morphofunctional transformation of the vascular loops. Proliferation of the loops ensures the blood inflow and reflux at all levels while their integration is followed by formation of hemocirculation system with appearance of the connective and major capillaries which serve the basis for development of true capillaries and capillary network in which precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules can be distinguished. Hemocirculation system is completed by formation of the arteriolar and venular collaterals and arteriolo-venular anastomoses. Non-participation in the angiogenesis of the autogenic vessel endotheliocytes and their widespread necrosis give grounds to suggest that they are genetically condemned to death. Development of lymph vessels and innervation occurs simultaneously and together with blood vessels by mechanism of their centrifugal growth.

[The loop-like growth of the vessels and the embryonic morphogenesis of the human intraorganic circulatory system]. / Petlevidnyi rost sosudov i émbrional'nyi morfogenez vnutriorgannoi sistemy krovoobrashcheniia cheloveka.

Development of the vascular bed during embryogenesis in man occurs through loop-like growth of vessels appearing as multiplication, integration, and morphofunctional transformation of vessel loops. Growth of loops provides for the establishment of transport vessels in organs and tissues, and loop integration leads to the establishment of microcirculation with the appearance of connecting and major capillaries, from which true capillaries and capillary networks are formed. Precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules can be identified topographically in the capillary networks. Formation of blood microcirculation system is complete when morphofunctional arrangement of integrated and nonintegrated loops takes place with the appearance of arterioles and venule collaterals and arterio-venule anastomoses in the vascular network.

[Morphologic manifestations of microcirculatory system pathology in premature infants]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia patologii sistemy mikrogemotsirkuliatsii u nedonoshennykh detei.

Immaturity of the interchangeable part of the microhemocirculatory bed manifested in premature neonates by true capillary insufficiency and capillary trophic failure of the microhemocirculation system. Primary functional heart failure results in hypovolemia of the greater circulation followed in early postnatal period by slow formation of new microvessels, on the one hand, and by collapse and reduction of vascular terminals, on the other. These alterations enhance the existing tissue trophic deficiency of the microcirculatory bed and decrease functional capacities of the cardiovascular system. Grave hemorheological disturbances indicating heart decompensation and irreversibility of hemodynamic alterations appear in children at the last stages of the disease.

[Importance of programmed endothelial death in the formation of intraorgan vascular bed in human embryogenesis]. / Znachenie programmirovanno i gibeli éndoteliia v postroenii vnutriorgannogo krovenosnogo rusla v embriogeneze cheloveka.

The development of the intraorgan vascular bed is brought about by means of a loop-like vascular growth which forms not only arteries and veins of all levels but that of microcirculation system as well. Embryonal angiogenesis is followed by a programmed death of the endothelium of all autochtone structures and some functioning microvessels of a closed circulation. This process is of importance in remodelling of vascular bed and formation of collateral circulation and anastomoses.

[Regularities in the formation of the hemomicrocirculation system in embryogenesis and its morphologic characterization in prematurity]. / Zakonomernosti formirovaniia sistemy hemomikrotsirkuliatsii v émbriogeneze i ee morfologicheskaia kharakteristika pri nedonoshennosti.

The development of the intraorgan vascular bed in human embryogenesis is brought about by the growth of vascular loops followed by formation of all types of vessels including hemomicrocirculation. Three stages in the formation of hemomicrocirculatory bed can be distinguished: stage I is the integration of vascular loops by means of main and connecting capillaries; stage II-unification of the connecting and main capillaries with true capillaries; stage III consists of formation of arterio-venular, veno-venular and arteriolo-arteriolar anastomoses. Prematurely born children have deficiency of true capillaries in the hemomicrocirculation system, this manifesting by a capillary circulation deficiency and that of transcapillary tissue metabolism. This deficiency is observed in all prematurely born children but its maximum expression is found in the prematurity of degree IV and III.

[Manifestations of blood vessel growth in embryogenesis and reparative regeneration]. / Proiavleniia rosta krovenosnykh sosudov v émbriogeneze i pri reparativnoi regeneratsii.

Four types of blood vessel growths are established: a) autochtonous linked with the formation of protocapillaries from vasoformative mesenchymal cells; 2) loop-like, characterized by a vascular loop proliferation (loop from loop mechanism); c) formation of single vessels from separated growth cambial elements resulting in the link of two functioning vascular ferminals (microvessel from microvessel mechanism); d) formation of vessels-satellites associated with the anastomosis between growth germs with the microvessels from which they are being separated. All the above types of vasculogenesis are manifested in the prenatal ontogenesis, while in reparative regeneration two last types only. Sources of endothelial germ formation are described, the dynamics of transformation of newly formed capillaries into the arterioles and venules, arteries and veins are studied, materials on the reparative vasculogenesis pathology are presented.

[The morphogenesis of the microcirculatory bed in ontogeny and the pathology of its development in the early postnatal period in congenital heart defects]. / Morfogenez mikrogemotsirkuliatornogo rusla v ontogeneze i patologiia ego razvitiia v rannem postnatal'nom periode pri vrozhdennykh porokakh serdtsa.

Circulation system of the omentum majus is studied in human fetuses (42) and children up to 3 years of age (108 with a premature delivery and 73 delivered normally). Pathologic alterations in the microcirculatory system are shown to result, during an early postnatal period, from hypovolemia of the greater circulation and tissue ischemia.

[Morphologic classification of vascular changes in the microcirculation]. / Morfologicheskaia klassifikatsiia sosudistykh izmenenii sistemy mikrogemotsirkuliatsii.

Morphological vascular alterations in microhemocirculation are classified into those connected with the age (evolutional and involutional), functional, pathologic, regenerative and compensatory. Age and functional transformations of vascular terminals are related to the physiological processes. Manifestations of reparative regeneration and compensatory restructuring of the microcirculatory bed vessels are characterized. It is noted that compensatory transformations of vascular terminals are frequently combined with regenerative changes which, on the whole, represent the morphology of adaptive responses of microvessels.

[The morphological criteria of thromboangiitis and arteriosclerosis obliterans of the vessels of the lower extremities]. / Morfologicheskie kriterii obliteriruiushchego trombangiita i ateroskleroza sosudov nizhnikh konechnostei.

The differences in pathology of the leg and foot arteries are described in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (60 cases) and atherosclerosis (30 cases). Based on the operative and biopsy material it has been shown that thromboangiitis obliterans is associated with immune inflammation of the arteries, manifesting itself by productive or, more rarely, by necrotic arteritis. In the latter condition, the wall of the impaired vessels contains immune complexes. In patients with atherosclerosis, the muscular type arteries of the legs and feet show dystrophic and fibroblastic lesions seen primarily in the intima and manifesting themselves by the enlargement of its connective tissue. No immune complexes were discovered in the wall of such arteries.

[Pathologic and adaptive changes in the hemomicrocirculatory system]. / Patologicheskie i adaptivnye izmeneniia v sisteme gemomikrotsirkuliatsii.

General principles of the description and functional evaluation of the morphological changes developing in the hemomicrocirculatory bed under pathological conditions are given. A necessity of dividing vascular, intra- and extravascular (stromal) changes into pathological and adaptive is underlined. A conclusion is made that such an approach to the characteristics of morphological transformations in the microcirculation system will provide a more deep insight into mechanisms of compensation of the terminal hemodynamics disorders and into the causes of a collapse of function of the local adaptive apparatus.

[Clinical and morphological manifestations of the pathomorphosis of periarteritis nodosa]. / Klinicheskie i morfologicheskie proiavleniia patomorfoza uzelkovogo periarteriita.

Clinical, immunological, morphological and immunomorphological data are provided showing the presence of induced (therapeutic) pathomorphosis in Kussmaul-Meier's disease. The conclusion is drawn that at present periarteritis nodosa is characterized by a chronic course with a domination of productive (immunocellular) vasculitis over necrotic (immunocomplex) vasculitis. It is shown that modern polychemotherapy of Kussmaul-Meier's disease favours mainly the correction of humoral immunity alterations while the pathology of cell immunity is retained. It is noted that long interruptions in therapy result in a reversion of the clinical-anatomical manifestations of periarteritis nodosa.

[Detection of microcirculatory vessels in membranous specimens using Suddan Black B and by means of the Shick reaction]. / Vyiavlenie sosudov mikrotsirkuliatsii v plenchatykh ob"ektakh sudanom chernym B i posredstvom ShIK-reaktsii.

Methods have been developed using Sudan black B and Shick-test with poststaining with toluidine blue permitting to detect all the basic components of the microcirculatory channel structure in membranous objects (serous membranes). These methods giving good contrast staining of microvessels, blood cells and interstitium provide diverse information on the structure of the microcirculatory bed. The methods proposed are recommended for use in histological laboratories investigating normal and pathological morphology of microcirculation.

[Pathology of the microcirculation in Schönlein-Henoch disease according to morphological and biomicroscopic data]. / Patologiia mikrotsirkuliatsii pri bolezni Shenleina-Genokha po dannym morfologii i biomikroskopii.

The state of microcirculation in hemorrhagic vasculitis was studied by morphological methods and conjunctival biomicroscopy. Inflammatory, sclerotic, and ataptative changes in terminal vessels of the internal organs and serous membranes are described. The systemic pattern of vascular pathology and selective vulnerability of the venular part (postcapillaries predominantly) in this disease were demonstrated. Morphological data reflecting the functional insufficiency (decompensation) of the local hemo- and lymph-dynamics are presented. A relative comparability of postmortem and biomicroscopic structural changes in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed was established. The method of conjunctival biomicroscopy is considered to be useful clinically not only for the elucidation of the extent of vasculitis activity but also for the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment.

[State of the microcirculation in periarteritis nodosa based on morphological and biomicroscopic data]. / Sostoianie mikrotsirkuliatsii pri uzelkovom periarteriite po dannym morfologii i biomikroskopii.

The status of microcirculation in periarteritis nodosa was studied by impregnation method (serous membranes) and biomicroscopy (eyeball conjunctiva). Pathological and adaptative changes in terminal vessels were found. It is suggested that the involvement of microcirculation ways in this disease is systemic and that morphological changes in microvessels are comparable to biomicroscopic changes.

[Pathomorphology of the lungs and pleural capillaries in Hamman-Rich syndrome]. / Patomorfologiia legkikh i sosudov mikrotsirkuliatsii plevry pri bolezni Khammena-Richa.

Morphological changes in the lungs in Hammen-Rich disease were studied. The developing pneumosclerosis in this disease was found to be associated with the inflammatory involvement of microvessels of the alveolar parenchyma. An adaptive rearrangement of pleural microcirculatory bed vessels under these conditions was demonstrated.

[Pathomorphology of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of the serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculitis]. / Patomorfologiia sosudov mikrotsirkuliatornogo rusla seroznykh obolochek pri sistemnykh allergicheskikh vaskulitakh.

The impregnation method and micropreparation were used to study the morphological changes in vessels of the microcirculatory channel of serous membranes in systemic allergic vasculites. Inflammatory and sclerotic processes in arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, and venules were found to be accompanied by regeneration changes and complicated adaptative alteration of the intact structures of the terminal vascular bed. The paper also presents morphological data reflecting decompensation processes in local lymph and blood flow.