Diagnostic Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome in High-Altitude Regions: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has many risk factors that are important to investigate in populations living at sea level and in high-altitude geographic regions. The aim was to identify the components of MS that cross-sectional studies use to assess in adult populations residing in high-altitude regions. Materials and Methods: A systematic review study was conducted. The Pubmed database was used. The search for original articles (cross-sectional) was performed from January 2013 to December 2020. The procedure was carried out by two researchers. The keywords used were metabolic syndrome, adults, and altitude regions. The search strategy considered the components of the PICOS tool. Results: Ten cross-sectional studies were identified in the Pubmed database from 2014 to 2020. Altitude levels varied between countries and regions, from 2060 to 4900 m above sea level. Three studies were conducted in both China and Peru, two studies in Ecuador, and one in Bolivia and India. The age ranges studied were from 18 to ~80 years of age, approximately. The components used to assess MS in most studies (between 9 to 10 studies) were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and serum glucose (SG). Conclusions: This systematic review verified that the most commonly used domains in adult populations in various moderate- and high-altitude regions of the world are BMI, WC, BP, TG, HDL, and SG. These results suggest that in order to evaluate and/or investigate MS in subjects residing in high-altitude populations, at least four diagnostic domains should be considered in their protocols.

Densidad mineral ósea en una muestra de jóvenes chilenos practicantes de diversas modalidades deportivas / Bone mineral density in a sample of young Chilean practitioners of different sports

Resumen Objetivos: Objetivos: a) Comparar la densidad mineral ósea de una muestra de jóvenes chilenos practicantes de diversas modalidades deportivas y b) Analizar la densidad mineral ósea en función de la maduración biológica. Métodos: Se estudiaron 146 adolescentes de sexo masculino, con un rango de edad entre 10 a 18 años. Se organizaron cinco grupos de trabajo: Grupo control (escolares n= 40), Canotaje (n= 30), Ciclismo (n=14), Fútbol (n=28) y Natación (n=34). Se evaluó el peso, estatura, altura tronco-cefálica. Se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal y la maduración biológica por medio de años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento. La densidad mineral ósea de cuerpo total y el porcentaje de grasa corporal se determinó por medio de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. Resultados: Los adolescentes que practicabanfútbol evidenciaron mayor densidad mineral ósea (1,23±0,12g/cm 2 ) en relación a los jóvenes del ciclismo (0,99±0,11g/cm 2 ), canotaje (1,09±0,17g/cm 2 ), natación (1,10±0,11g/cm 2 ) y al grupo control de escolares (1,04±0,14g/ cm 2 ) (p<0.001). Hubo diferencias entre los tres niveles de maduración biológica en las cuatro modalidades deportivas y en el grupo control (p<0.001). La mayor densidad mineral ósea en función de la maduración somática se observó en los futbolistas. Conclusión: Los adolescentes que practican fútbol evidenciaron mayor densidad mineral ósea con relación a las demás modalidades deportivas y con relación al grupo control, además la maduración somática juega un papel relevante en el incremento de densidad mineral ósea, en especial en los futbolistas. Los resultados sugieren desarrollar actividades físico-deportivas de alto impacto antes, durante y después de producirse la maduración biológica en adolescentes de edad escolar.

Abstract Objectives: a) to compare bone mineral density of a sample of young Chilean practitioners of various sports and modalities b) to analyze the bone mineral density function of biological maturation. Methods: We studied 146 male adolescents, ranging in age from 10-18 years. Five working groups were organized: Control group (school n = 40), Canoeing (n = 30), Cycling (n = 14), Football (n = 28) and Swimming (n = 34). Weight, height, and trunk-cephalic height were evaluated. Body Mass Index and biological maturation were calculated through years of peak growth rate. Bone mineral density of whole body and percentage body fat was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Teens who practiced football showed higher bone mineral density (1.23 ± 0.12 g/cm2) in relation to young cyclists (0.99 ± 0.11g / cm2), canoeing (1.09 ± 0.17g / cm2), swimming (1.10 ± 0.11g / cm2) and control of school (1.04 ± 0.14g / cm2) (p <0.001). There were differences between the three levels of biological maturation in the four sports modalities and in the control group (p <0.001). Most bone mineral density depending on the somatic maturation was observed in the football players. Conclusion: Adolescents who play football showed higher bone mineral density compared to other sports and in relation to the control group. In addition, somatic maturation plays an important role in increasing bone mineral density, especially in football. The results suggest practicing high-impact physical activities before, during and after biological maturation occurs in adolescents of school age.

[Satisfaction of hospitalized patients in a hospital in Apurimac, Peru]. / Satisfacción de usuarios hospitalizados en un hospital de Apurímac, Perú.

In order to determine the satisfaction of hospitalized patients in the Sub-regional Hospital of Andahuaylas, 175 patients were surveyed using the Servqual multidimensional model. The estimate of variables associated with the satisfaction of the hospitalized patients was performed by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. We found 25.0% satisfaction. Lower levels of satisfaction were associated with having a secondary level education (aOR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.64) and with having been hospitalized in the surgery department (aOR 0.14, CI: 95%: 0.04 to 0.53). It was concluded that there was a low level of satisfaction with the quality of care received by hospitalized patients and this was associated with the level of education and type of hospital department.

Satisfacción de usuarios hospitalizados en un hospital de Apurímac, Perú / Satisfaction of hospitalized patients in a hospital in Apurimac, Perú

Con el objeto de determinar la satisfacción en los usuarios hospitalizados en el Hospital Subregional de Andahuaylas se encuestó a una muestra de 175 usuarios utilizando el modelo multidimensional Servqual. La estimación de variables asociadas con la satisfacción de los usuarios hospitalizados fue realizada a través de análisis bivariado y multivariable empleando regresión logística. Encontramos 25,0% de satisfacción. Estuvieron asociados a la baja satisfacción en lo usuarios el tener nivel de estudios secundaria (ORa: 0,05; IC 95%: 0,01-0,64) y haber sido hospitalizado en el servicio de cirugía (ORa 0,14; IC 95%: 0,04-0,53). Se concluye que existió baja satisfacción con la calidad del servicio recibido por los usuarios hospitalizados, y esta estuvo asociada al nivel de educación y al tipo de servicio de hospitalización.

In order to determine the satisfaction of hospitalized patients in the Sub-regional Hospital of Andahuaylas, 175 patients were surveyed using the Servqual multidimensional model. The estimate of variables associated with the satisfaction of the hospitalized patients was performed by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. We found 25.0% satisfaction. Lower levels of satisfaction were associated with having a secondary level education (aOR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.64) and with having been hospitalized in the surgery department (aOR 0.14, CI: 95%: 0.04 to 0.53). It was concluded that there was a low level of satisfaction with the quality of care received by hospitalized patients and this was associated with the level of education and type of hospital department.