RESUMO
Background: For some time now, the effects of sound, noise, and music on the human body have been studied. However, despite research done through time, it is still not completely clear what influence, interaction, and effects sounds have on human body. That is why it is necessary to conduct new research on this topic. Thus, in this paper, a systematic review is undertaken in order to integrate research related to several types of sound, both pleasant and unpleasant, specifically noise and music. In addition, it includes as much research as possible to give stakeholders a more general vision about relevant elements regarding methodologies, study subjects, stimulus, analysis, and experimental designs in general. This study has been conducted in order to make a genuine contribution to this area and to perhaps to raise the quality of future research about sound and its effects over ECG signals. Methods: This review was carried out by independent researchers, through three search equations, in four different databases, including: engineering, medicine, and psychology. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and studies published between 1999 and 2017 were considered. The selected documents were read and analyzed independently by each group of researchers and subsequently conclusions were established between all of them. Results: Despite the differences between the outcomes of selected studies, some common factors were found among them. Thus, in noise studies where both BP and HR increased or tended to increase, it was noted that HRV (HF and LF/HF) changes with both sound and noise stimuli, whereas GSR changes with sound and musical stimuli. Furthermore, LF also showed changes with exposure to noise. Conclusion: In many cases, samples displayed a limitation in experimental design, and in diverse studies, there was a lack of a control group. There was a lot of variability in the presented stimuli providing a wide overview of the effects they could produce in humans. In the listening sessions, there were numerous examples of good practice in experimental design, such as the use of headphones and comfortable positions for study subjects, while the listening sessions lasted 20 min in most of the studies.
RESUMO
RESUMEN En este documento se presenta una actualización referente al efecto carcinógeno del formol; inicialmente se consideran generalidades de su composición química, luego se evidencian algunos de sus usos, tanto en la industria como en las instituciones de salud, y posteriormente se muestra el riesgo al que está expuesta la población general y en particular el personal del área de la salud, como consecuencia de una exposición prolongada ante este componente químico. Se hace hincapié en la concentración del formaldehido tanto en la vida cotidiana como en el ámbito laboral y se consideran los lineamientos del decreto 1477 del 5 de agosto de 2014, emanado por el Ministerio del Trabajo de la República de Colombia, sobre la exposición ocupacional a esta sustancia química resaltando que este decreto no hace mención a los ya conocidos efectos car-cinogénicos del formol, ampliamente soportados por la evidencia científica, dejando un vacío tanto para la prevención ocupacional como para la legislación laboral.(AU)
ABSTRACT This paper presents an update on the carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde. First, generalities of its chemical composition are considered, followed by the description of some of its uses, both in the industry and in health institutions, as well as an account of the risk to which the general population is exposed, in particular health personnel, as a result of prolonged exposure to this chemical component. Emphasis is placed on the concentration of formaldehyde in everyday life and in the workplace, while the guidelines of decree 1477 of August 5, 2014, issued by the Ministry of Labor of Colombia, on occupational exposure to this chemical are analyzed to demonstrate that this decree does not consider the already known carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde, widely supported by scientific evidence, thus leaving a void for both occupational prevention and labor legislation.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide/etiologia , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Decreto Legislativo , Formaldeído/efeitos adversos , ColômbiaRESUMO
This paper presents an update on the carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde. First, generalities of its chemical composition are considered, followed by the description of some of its uses, both in the industry and in health institutions, as well as an account of the risk to which the general population is exposed, in particular health personnel, as a result of prolonged exposure to this chemical component. Emphasis is placed on the concentration of formaldehyde in everyday life and in the workplace, while the guidelines of decree 1477 of August 5, 2014, issued by the Ministry of Labor of Colombia, on occupational exposure to this chemical are analyzed to demonstrate that this decree does not consider the already known carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde, widely supported by scientific evidence, thus leaving a void for both occupational prevention and labor legislation.
En este documento se presenta una actualización referente al efecto carcinógeno del formol; inicialmente se consideran generalidades de su composición química, luego se evidencian algunos de sus usos, tanto en la industria como en las instituciones de salud, y posteriormente se muestra el riesgo al que está expuesta la población general y en particular el personal del área de la salud, como consecuencia de una exposición prolongada ante este componente químico. Se hace hincapié en la concentración del formaldehido tanto en la vida cotidiana como en el ámbito laboral y se consideran los lineamientos del decreto 1477 del 5 de agosto de 2014, emanado por el Ministerio del Trabajo de la República de Colombia, sobre la exposición ocupacional a esta sustancia química resaltando que este decreto no hace mención a los ya conocidos efectos car-cinogénicos del formol, ampliamente soportados por la evidencia científica, dejando un vacío tanto para la prevención ocupacional como para la legislación laboral.
