Common Risk Factors Involved In The Development Of Myocardial Infarction In Adults Younger Than 45 Years Of Age.

Background: Pakistan has got a very high prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI). MI presents at pretty young age in this country. The objective of present study was to determine the frequency of common risk factors associated with early development of MI in middle aged adults of less than 45 years. Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the Cardiology department of Ayub Teaching Hospital (ATH) Abbottabad from 23rd June 2015 - 10th July 2016. A total of 255 consecutive patients diagnosed with MI admitted to the Cardiology Unit of ATH, Abbottabad. A detailed medical history and general physical examination of the patients was carried out with an emphasis on recording the presence or absence of common risk factors of MI in these patients. All routine investigations (Blood Complete Picture, Urea, Creatinine, Blood Sugar & Lipid Profile) were done. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 39.98±4.61 SD. The frequency of risk factors in descending order was smoking in (38.8%), obesity in (29.4%) and essential hypertension in (21.6%) of the patients. Other risk factors of MI in this study were diabetes mellitus (19.2%), family history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was (18.8%) and disproportionate dyslipidemias in (12.9%). Sex of patients (male predominance) was found to be significantly associated with diabetes, smoking and dyslipidemia (p<0.05). Conclusion: Male sex, smoking, hypertension and obesity confer an increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients younger than 45 years of age.

Outcome Of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy In Preschool And School-Age Children-Single Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in adults has been studied well in past. However, such studies are sparse within paediatric age group. As this procedure is being adopted in smaller and older children alike, we wanted to determine its safety and efficacy in two different age groups of children (preschool age and school age). METHODS: The records of 59 children undergoing PCNL at our department from December 2009 to May 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were placed into 2 age groups including children ≤7 years old (group 1) and those ≥7 years (group 2). Twenty-seven patients were put in preschool group with mean age of 4.8±2.1 years while 32 patients in school age group having mean age of 11.8±4.6 years. RESULTS: Stone size was calculated showing mean 309±55 mm2 in preschool and 324±63 mm2 in school age group respectively (p=0.1). The mean operative time was 150.1±38.7 minutes and 166.3±39.6 minutes in the preschool and school age children respectively (p=0.1). The mean length of hospital stay was 3.1±1.4 days and 2.9±1.3 days in preschool and school going children (p=0.5). The stone clearance with PCNL was seen in 96.3% (pre-school group) and 93.75% (school age group) as monotherapy (p=0.1), which increased to 100% after combining it with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. CONCLUSIONS: PCNL is equally effective in both pre-school and school age groups in terms of stone free rates. Complication rates were not different between the two groups.