RESUMO
Xenograft cell transplantation into immunodeficient mice has become the gold standard for assessing pre-clinical efficacy of cancer drugs, yet direct visualization of single-cell phenotypes is difficult. Here, we report an optically-clear prkdc-/-, il2rga-/- zebrafish that lacks adaptive and natural killer immune cells, can engraft a wide array of human cancers at 37°C, and permits the dynamic visualization of single engrafted cells. For example, photoconversion cell-lineage tracing identified migratory and proliferative cell states in human rhabdomyosarcoma, a pediatric cancer of muscle. Additional experiments identified the preclinical efficacy of combination olaparib PARP inhibitor and temozolomide DNA-damaging agent as an effective therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma and visualized therapeutic responses using a four-color FUCCI cell-cycle fluorescent reporter. These experiments identified that combination treatment arrested rhabdomyosarcoma cells in the G2 cell cycle prior to induction of apoptosis. Finally, patient-derived xenografts could be engrafted into our model, opening new avenues for developing personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.
Assuntos
Animais Geneticamente Modificados/metabolismo , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Neoplasias Musculares , Rabdomiossarcoma , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados/genética , Animais Geneticamente Modificados/imunologia , Feminino , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Células K562 , Masculino , Neoplasias Musculares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Musculares/imunologia , Neoplasias Musculares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Musculares/patologia , Transplante de Neoplasias , Ftalazinas/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Rabdomiossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Rabdomiossarcoma/imunologia , Rabdomiossarcoma/metabolismo , Rabdomiossarcoma/patologia , Temozolomida/farmacologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Peixe-Zebra/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To investigate the frequency, predictors, and clinical impact of electrographic seizures in patients with high clinical or radiologic grade non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), independent of referral bias. METHODS: We compared rates of electrographic seizures and associated clinical variables and outcomes in patients with high clinical or radiologic grade non-traumatic SAH. Rates of electrographic seizure detection before and after institution of a guideline which made continuous EEG monitoring routine in this population were compared. RESULTS: Electrographic seizures occurred in 17.6 % of patients monitored expressly because of clinically suspected subclinical seizures. In unselected patients, seizures still occurred in 9.6 % of all cases, and in 8.6 % of cases in which there was no a priori suspicion of seizures. The first seizure detected occurred 5.4 (IQR 2.9-7.3) days after onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage with three of eight patients (37.5 %) having the first recorded seizure more than 48 h following EEG initiation, and 2/8 (25 %) at more than 72 h following EEG initiation. High clinical grade was associated with poor outcome at time of hospital discharge; electrographic seizures were not associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Electrographic seizures occur at a relatively high rate in patients with non-traumatic SAH even after accounting for referral bias. The prolonged time to the first detected seizure in this cohort may reflect dynamic clinical features unique to the SAH population.