Investigation of activation cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on ruthenium up to 50 MeV.

The activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on natural ruthenium have been measured up to 50 MeV for production of radioisotopes of rhodium (105Rh, 102mRh,102gRh,101mRh,101gRh, 100gRh, 99mRh, 99gRh), ruthenium (105Ru,103Ru (cum), 102Ru (cum), 97Ru (cum), 95Ru (cum)) and of technetium (99mTc, 96gTc (m+), 95mTc (cum), 95gTc (cum), 94gTc,93gTc (m+)). The results are compared with the predictions of the most common theoretical nuclear reaction model codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL)). From the measured cross section physical yields have been calculated for all measured radioisotopes. The medically important radioisotopes are discussed from the point of view of production routes by charged particle methods and other alternatives.

Measurement of activation cross-section of long-lived products in deuteron induced nuclear reactions on palladium in the 30-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured in the 31-49.2MeV energy range for the natPd(d,xn)111,110m,106m,105,104g,103Ag, natPd(d,x) 111m,109,101,100Pd, natPd(d,x), 105,102m,102g,101m,101g,100,99m,99gRh and natPd(d,x)103,97Ru nuclear reactions by using the stacked foil irradiation technique. The experimental results are compared with our previous results and with the theoretical predictions calculated with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL libraries) codes.

Activation cross-sections of longer lived radioisotopes of proton induced nuclear reactions on terbium up to 65MeV.

Experimental cross sections are presented for the 159Tb(p,xn)153,155,157,159Dy, 152,153,155,156m2,m1,g,158Tb and 153,151Gd nuclear reactions up to 65MeV. The experimental results are compared with the recently reported experimental data and with the results of the nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS as reported in the TENDL-2015 on-line library. Integral thick-target yields are also derived for the reaction products used in practical applications and production routes are discussed.

Activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on silver in the 33-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured for the natAg(d,x)105,104Cd, 110m,108m,106m,105g,104gAg and 101Pd, 105,101mRh reactions over the energy range 33-50MeV by using the stacked foil activation technique and subsequent high-resolution gamma-spectrometry. We present the first experimental cross section data above 40MeV for all of these reactions and the first experimental cross section data for natAg(d,x)108m,104gAg and 105,103Rh. The experimental data are compared with results of the model calculations performed with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D theoretical nuclear reaction model codes and with the TALYS code results as available in the TENDL-2014 and -2015 on-line libraries.

Excitation functions for (d,x) reactions on (133)Cs up to Ed=40MeV.

In the frame of a systematic study of excitation functions of deuteron induced reactions the excitation functions of the (133)Cs(d,x)(133m,133mg,131mg)Ba,(134,)(132)Cs and (12)(9m)Xe nuclear reactions were measured up to 40MeV deuteron energies by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectroscopy of activated samples. The results were compared with calculations performed with the theoretical nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE-D, EMPIRE II-D and TALYS calculation listed in the TENDL-2014 library. A moderate agreement was obtained. Based on the integral yields deduced from our measured cross sections, production of (131)Cs via the (133)Cs(d,4n)(131)Ba→(131)Cs reaction and (133)Ba via (133)Cs(d,2n) reactions is discussed in comparison with other charged particle production routes.

Extension of the energy range of experimental activation cross-sections data of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on indium up to 50MeV.

The energy range of our earlier measured activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on indium were extended from 40MeV up to 50MeV. The traditional stacked foil irradiation technique and non-destructive gamma spectrometry were used. No experimental data were found in literature for this higher energy range. Experimental cross-sections for the formation of the radionuclides (113,110)Sn, (116m,115m,114m,113m,111,110g,109)In and (115)Cd are reported in the 37-50MeV energy range, for production of (110)Sn and (110g,109)In these are the first measurements ever. The experimental data were compared with the results of cross section calculations of the ALICE and EMPIRE nuclear model codes and of the TALYS 1.6 nuclear model code as listed in the on-line library TENDL-2014.

Extension of the energy range of the experimental activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of proton induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium up to 65MeV.

Activation cross-sections data of longer-lived products of proton induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium were extended up to 65MeV by using stacked foil irradiation and gamma spectrometry experimental methods. Experimental cross-sections data for the formation of the radionuclides (159)Dy, (157)Dy, (155)Dy, (161)Tb, (160)Tb, (156)Tb, (155)Tb, (154m2)Tb, (154m1)Tb, (154g)Tb, (153)Tb, (152)Tb and (151)Tb are reported in the 36-65MeV energy range, and compared with an old dataset from 1964. The experimental data were also compared with the results of cross section calculations of the ALICE and EMPIRE nuclear model codes and of the TALYS nuclear reaction model code as listed in the latest on-line libraries TENDL 2013.

Activation cross sections of α-particle induced nuclear reactions on hafnium and deuteron induced nuclear reaction on tantalum: production of ¹78W/(178m)Ta generator.

In the frame of a systematic study of charged particle production routes of medically relevant radionuclei, the excitation function for indirect production of (178m)Ta through (nat)Hf(α,xn)(178)W-(178m)Ta nuclear reaction was measured for the first time up to 40 MeV. In parallel, the side reactions (nat)Hf(α,x)(179,177,176,175)W, (183,182,178g,177,176,175)Ta, (179m,177m,175)Hf were also assessed. Stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were used. New experimental cross section data for the (nat)Ta(d,xn)(178)W reaction are also reported up to 40 MeV. The measured excitation functions are compared with the results of the ALICE-IPPE, and EMPIRE nuclear reaction model codes and with the TALYS 1.4 based data in the TENDL-2013 library. The thick target yields were deduced and compared with yields of other charged particle ((p,4n), (d,5n) and ((3)He,x)) production routes for (178)W.

Cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on (nat)Sm for production of the therapeutic radionuclide ¹45Sm and ¹5³Sm.

At present, targeted radiotherapy (TR) is acknowledged to have great potential in oncology. A large list of interesting radionuclides is identified, including several radioisotopes of lanthanides, amongst them (145)Sm and (153)Sm. In this work the possibility of their production at a cyclotron was investigated using a deuteron beam and a samarium target. The excitation functions of the (nat)Sm(d,x)(145,153)Sm reactions were determined for deuteron energies up to 50 MeV using the stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The measured cross sections and the contributing reactions were analyzed by comparison with results of the ALICE, EMPIRE and TALYS nuclear reaction codes. A short overview and comparison of possible production routes is given.

Activation cross-sections of long lived products of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium up to 50 MeV.

Activation cross-sections for production of (162m,161,155)Ho, (165,159,157,155)Dy and (161,160,156,155)Tb radionuclides in deuteron induced nuclear reactions on elemental dysprosium were measured up to 50 MeV for practical application and the test of the predictive power of nuclear reaction model codes. A stacked-foil irradiation technique and off-line gamma-ray spectrometry were used to determine the activities. No earlier cross-section data were found in the literature. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS codes. Integral production yields were calculated from the fitted experimental data.

Activation cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on (nat)Gd up to 50 MeV.

Activation cross-sections are presented for the first time for (nat)Gd(d,xn)(161,160,156(m+)), (154,154m1,154m2,153,152(m+),151(m+))Tb, (nat)Gd(d,x)(159,153,151)Gd and (nat)Gd(d,x)(156)Eu reactions from their respective thresholds up to 50 MeV. The cross-sections were measured by the stacked-foil irradiation technique and by using high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The measured values were compared with the results of theoretical models calculated by the computer codes ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (data from TENDL library). Integral yields of the reaction products were deduced from the excitation functions.

Investigation of activation cross-section data of proton induced nuclear reactions on rhenium.

In the frame of systematic investigations of activation cross-section data for different applications the excitation functions of (nat)Re(p,x)(185)Os, (183m)Os, (183g)Os, (182)Os, (181m)Os, (186g)Re, (184m)Re, (184g)Re, (183)Re, (182m)Re, (182g)Re and (181g)Re reactions were measured up to 70MeV. The data for the (nat)Re(p,x) (183m)Os, (183g)Os, (182)Os, (181g)Os,(186g)Re, (184m)Re,(182m)Re, (182g)Re, and (181)Re reactions are reported for the first time. The activation method, the stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-spectroscopy for activity detection were used. The experimental data were compared with predictions of three theoretical codes. From the measured cross-section thick target integral yields were also calculated and presented.

Investigation of activation cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on natTl up to 42MeV: review, new data and evaluation.

Cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural thallium have been studied for investigation of the production of the medical important (201)Tl diagnostic radioisotope. The excitation functions of (204m)Pb, (203)Pb, (202m)Pb, (201)Pb, (200)Pb, (199)Pb, (202)Tl (direct, cumulative), (201)Tl (direct, cumulative), (200)Tl(direct), and (203)Hg were measured up to 42MeV proton energy by stacked foil technique and activation method. The experimental data were compared with the critically analyzed experimental data in the literature, with the IAEA recommended data and with the results of model calculations by using the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and TALYS codes.

Excitation functions for 7Be, 22,24Na production in Mg and Al by deuteron irradiations up to 50 MeV.

New experimental data for production of (7)Be and (22,24)Na in deuteron irradiation of (nat)Mg and Al up to 50 MeV are presented. The induced activity, measured with HPGe spectroscopy, allows us to determine excitation functions of (nat)Mg(d,x) and (27)Al(d,x) reactions involved in the activation process with reference to (nat)Ti(d,x)(48)V monitor cross sections. A comparison with experimental literature values and results from updated theoretical codes is discussed. Thick target yields were derived from fits to our cross-sections and integrated personnel dose was calculated for different irradiation cycles and exposure scenarios around high power deuteron accelerator facilities.

Excitation functions of deuteron induced reactions on natXe: new data up to 20 MeV.

In the frame of a systematic study on the activation cross-section of deuteron induced reactions on different elements, excitation functions on (nat)Xe were investigated up to 20 MeV. The excitation functions for production of the radionuclides (127,129,132,134m,135m,136)Cs, (133m,133g,135)Xe, (126,130g)I were measured for the first time in the investigated energy range. Stacked gas cell irradiation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were used. The measured data, completed with the high energy literature experimental data on (123)Xe, (133,131,124,123)I, were compared with the results of the theoretical model codes.

Excitation function for 7Be production in carbon by deuteron irradiations up to 50 MeV.

In order to check and complement available experimental data for production of (7)Be in deuteron irradiation of (nat)C, new measurements with incident particle energy up to 50 MeV were performed. The (7)Be content, measured with HPGe spectroscopy, allows determination of the excitation function of the (nat)C(d,x)(7)Be reactions. A comparison with experimental literature values and results from updated theoretical codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D, EAF2007 and TENDL2010 on-line libraries) is discussed. Thick target yields were derived from fits to our cross-sections and integrated personnel dose was calculated for different irradiation cycles and exposure scenarios around the IFMIF facility.

Study of excitation function of deuteron induced reactions on nat Kr up to 20 MeV.

In the frame of a systematic study of the activation cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on different elements, excitation functions on (nat)Kr were investigated up to 20 MeV. The excitation functions for production of (81 m,81 mg,82 g,83,84 m,84 mg,86 mg)Rb, (79,85 m,87)Kr and (77,82)Br radionuclides were measured for the first time using stacked gas cell irradiation technique and gamma-ray spectrometry. The measured data were compared with the results of the theoretical model codes.

Activation cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on thulium in the 20-45 MeV energy range.

Cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on (169)Tm were measured in the 20-45MeV energy range using the standard stacked-foil irradiation technique and high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. Experimental cross-sections and derived integral yields are reported for the production of (169,167,166)Yb and (168,167,166)Tm radioisotopes. The experimental data are analysed and compared to results of the earlier measurements and the theoretical model codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS. Application of the new cross-sections to the production of the (167)Tm medical radioisotope is discussed.

Limitation of the long-lived 121Te contaminant in production of 123I through the 124Xe(p,x) route.

The 13.2 h half-life radioisotope (123)I is widely used in clinical nuclear medicine diagnosis. At present it is mostly produced in nca form by proton irradiation of highly enriched (124)Xe in dedicated gas target set-ups and relying on the decay chain (123)Cs-(123)Xe-(123)I. Depending on the irradiation conditions contamination with long-lived (121)Te, a daughter product of the co-produced rather short lived (121)I, occurs and can limit the useful shelf life of the (123)I solution. Excitation function of the (124)Xe(p,α)(121)I, (124)Xe(p,2n)(123)Cs and (124)Xe(p,2p)(123)Xe reactions are measured up to 35 MeV using the stacked gas cell technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The experimental data were compared with the earlier literature values, with new results of the ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II codes and with the data taken from the TENDL-2009 database. Existing discrepancies in cross-section data are largely solved and new recommended values are proposed. From fits to the new excitation curves integral (123)I batch yields and (121)Te contaminations for realistic production conditions are derived. Optimization of irradiation and cooling times and energy degradation in the target can strongly influence the contamination level.

High yield production of the medical radioisotope 167Tm by the 167Er(d,2n) reaction.

As part of our systematic comparison of (p,n) and (d,2n) reactions, the excitation functions of the (167)Er(d,2n)(167)Tm production reaction and reactions leading to Tm radio-impurities were investigated up to 20 MeV. A stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectroscopy is used. The measured excitation functions are compared with results of ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS reaction model codes and with data from our earlier investigations on natural Er. Thick target yields and contamination levels are discussed. A comparison with other charged particle production routes for (167)Tm shows that deuteron induced reactions are not competitive.