Peoples' attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, acceptance, and social trust among African and Middle East countries.

Background: To end the COVID-19 pandemic, a large part of the world must be immune to the virus by vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to gauge intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among ordinary people and to identify attitudes towards vaccines and barriers for vaccine acceptance. Methods: The study population comprises 1880 people residing in different countries that answer a prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire topics are demographics, historical issues, participants' attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, concerns, and vaccine hesitancy. Results: Attitudes and beliefs relating to vaccines in general, and the COVID-19 vaccine, were ascertained. Overall, 66.81% of the contributors would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19, while %33.19 did not intend to be vaccinated. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy included concern regarding vaccine side effects, fear of getting sick from the uptake of the vaccine, and the absence of accurate vaccine promotion news. Individuals with higher education believe that India (68.6%) produces the best vaccine (P <0.001), while healthcare workers think the Chinese vaccine (44.2%) is the best (P =0.020). Individuals with higher education have not been vaccinated, not be healthcare workers, and females were the most contributors to effective of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: Given the degree of hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccination, a multifaceted approach to facilitate vaccine uptake that includes vaccine education, behavioral change strategies, and health promotion, is paramount.

Fighting COVID-19 in the West Africa after experiencing the Ebola epidemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) dissemination occurred from December 2019 and quickly spread to all countries. Infected patients with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe illness. The most mortality was observed in patients with underlying disease and over 45 years. World statistics have shown that the COVID-19 outbreak is most expanded in Middle Eastern, West Asian, European, North, and South American countries, and is least expanded in African countries. Therefore, the aim of the paper was the evaluation of six African countries including Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Guinea, Togo, and Djibouti to find why this disease is least expanded in African countries. Study was conducted by Questioner for countries health organizers to define their different aspect exposure and fight with COVID-19 including epidemiology, clinical aspects of the disease, case definitions, diagnosis laboratory confirmation, and referral of cases by the portal of entry, case management, and disease prevention in these countries. According to this opinion review, due to the low international flights and low domestic travel, the spread, and prevalence of COVID-19 was low and the return of the immigrants of these countries has caused the spread of COVID-19 among these countries. Experience, preparation, and impact of previous infections epidemic such as the Ebola virus epidemic would have beneficial, which have promoted certain reflexes among people that cause low dissemination in these countries.

[Factors associated to the implementation of compulsory health insurance at the CHC level in Kalaban Coro, Kati, Mali]. / Lies a la mise en œuvre de l'assurance maladie obligatoire au niveau des cscoms a Kalaban Coro, Kati, Mali.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors influencing the implementation of compulsory health insurance in two community health centers (CHC) in the health district of Kalaban Coro in Kati. MATERIAL METHODS: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study from July 1, 2017 to October 31, 2018 in both CHC of Koulouba and Kalaban Coro central. We conducted a literature review and in-depth interviews with 20 people. A content analysis was done manually using deductive and inductive logic. RESULTS: Out of all the services in 2017, those insured by the compulsory health insurance benefited from 5% of deliveries, 7% of the first antenatal cares and 8% of curative cares at the CHC of Koulouba against 0.1%, 0,3% and 3% respectively in CHC of Kalaban Coro central. The implementation of the compulsory health insurance and the reimbursement mechanisms have been facilitated through the establishment of information and communication channels, the training of members of the Federations of Community Health Associations at national, regional and local levels and other forms of support for CHC. The reimbursement period was 1-3 months in Koulouba against an absence since 2017 in Kalaban Coro central. Governance, monitoring and evaluation and staff motivation systems were weak or nonexistent. They resulted in financial and drug supply difficulties. CONCLUSION: Among the factors identified, the reimbursement mechanism posed the most problem for CHC and delegated management organizations.

OBJECTIF: Identifier les facteurs influençant la mise en œuvre de l'assurance maladie obligatoire dans deux centres de santé communautaire du district sanitaire de Kalaban Coro dans le Cercle de Kati. MATÉRIEL MÉTHODES: il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive couvrant la période du 1er juillet 2017 au 31 octobre 2018 dans les CSComs de Koulouba et Kalaban Coro central. Nous avons réalisé une analyse documentaire et des entrevues individuelles approfondies de 20 personnes. Une analyse de contenu a été faite manuellement selon les logiques déductive et inductive. RÉSULTATS: Sur l'ensemble des prestations en 2017, les assurés de l'AMO ont bénéficié de 5% des accouchements, 7% des premières consultations prénatales et 8% des consultations curatives au niveau du CSCom de Koulouba contre respectivement 0,1%, 0,3% et 3% à Kalaban Coro central. La mise en œuvre de l'AMO et les mécanismes de remboursement ont été facilités grâce à la mise en place des canaux d'informations et de communications, à la formation des membres des Fédérations des ASACO au niveau national, régional et local et à d'autres formes d'appuis aux CSComs. Le délai de remboursement était de 1-3mois à Koulouba contre une absence depuis 2017 à Kalaban Coro central. Les systèmes de gouvernance, de suivi et évaluation et de motivations du personnel étaient insuffisants, voire inexistant. Ils avaient pour conséquences, des difficultés financières et d'approvisionnement en médicaments. CONCLUSION: Parmi les facteurs identifiés, le mécanisme de remboursement des prestations posait le plus de problème aux CSComs et organismes gestionnaires délégués.

[Study on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the first 1030 cases of covid-19 in Mali]. / Etude sur les caracteristiques cliniques et epidemiologiques des 1030 premiers cas de covid-19 au Mali.

AIMS: Since the confirmation of the first cases of COVID-19 in Mali in March 2020 and the outbreakspreading to the whole country, clinical and epidemiological data fromaffected patients are used to characterize the disease. This study was to describe the clinica lsigns and epidemiologicalparameters of COVID-19 in the Malian context. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mali between March 25, 2020 to May 24, 2020 have been included. Clinical and epidemiological data from patients with COVID-19 were extracted from the official line list of cases and the national reference laboratory register. RESULTS: The mean age of the 1,030 patients was 45.6 ± 18.4 years; 67.2% of patients were men. Asymptomatic patients accounted for 31.1%. The most common symptoms on admission were cough (60.8%) followed by fever (47.6%). The largest number of cases was recorded in Bamako. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 infection of the first 1,030 cases in Mali was marked by the predominance of cough and fever.

BUTS: Depuis la confirmation des premiers cas de COVID-19 au Mali en Mars 2020 et sa propagation à tout le pays, des données cliniques et épidémiologiques des patients atteints sont utilisées pour caractériser la maladie. Cette étude avait pour objectif d'étudier les signes cliniques et épidémiologiques de la COVID-19 dans le contexte malien. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agit d'une étude transversale. Tous les cas confirmés de COVID-19 du Mali entre le 25 Mars 2020 au 24 Mai 2020 ont été inclus. Les données cliniques et épidémiologiques des patients atteints de COVID-19ont été extraites. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen descas était de 45,6±18,4 ans ; 67,2% des patients étaient des hommes. Les patients asymptomatiques représentaient 31,1%. Les symptômes les plus courants à l'admission étaient la toux (60,8%) suivi de la fièvre (47,6%). Le plus grand nombre de cas a été enregistré à Bamako. CONCLUSION: L'infection par le SARS-CoV-2 des 1 030 premiers cas au Mali a été marquée par la prédominance de la toux et de la fièvre.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristic of COVID-19 deaths in Mali]. / Caracteristiques clinique et epidemiologique des deces COVID-19 au Mali.

INTRODUCTION: Mali recorded its first COVID-19's death related case on March 26, 2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate the comorbidity of COVID-19's death related cases in the Malian context. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 25 and October 11, 2020. Community death information was analyzed from the patient descriptive list, and from the hospitalization registry of the treatment sites. RESULT: Of the 3,286 COVID-19 confirmed cases, 132 died making a lethality rate of 4.00% (132/3286). Men were the most represented with 75.76% (100/132). The mean age was 63.77 ± 15.25 years. The mean time of hospital stay was 4.50 days ± 6.35. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease remain the most frequent comorbidities with death patients with 20.45% and 17.42%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study allow to draw map of patients who died from COVID-19 as well as provide information on the comorbidities for better management of hospitalized patients.

INTRODUCTION: Le Mali a enregistré son premier cas de décès lié à la COVID-19, le 26 mars 2020.Le but de cette étude est d'étudier la comorbidité des cas de décès de COVID-19 dans le contexte malien. MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale allant de la période du 25 mars au 11 octobre 2020. Nous avons réalisé une analyse des informations de la liste descriptives des cas pour les décès communautaire et des registres d'hospitalisation des sites de prise en charge. RÉSULTAT: Sur les 3286 cas confirmés par la COVID-19, 132 malades en sont décédés soit une létalité de4,00%. Les hommes étaient les plus représentés avec 75,76 % (100/132). La moyenne d'âge était de 63,77 ans ± 15,25. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de4,50 jours ± 6,35. Le diabète et l'HTA étaient les facteurs de comorbidité les plus fréquents rencontrés dans les cas de décès avec respectivement 20,45% et 17,42%. CONCLUSION: Cette étude a montré que les cas de décès liés au COVID-19 au Mali étaient observés chez les personnes âgées, diabétiques et hypertendues. Ces informations aideront à optimiser la prise en charge des malades hospitalisés.

Nutritional value of locally produced foods and potential for developing age-appropriate complementary foods for children under 2 years of age in Mali.

BACKGROUND: Promotion of dietary diversity using locally available nutritious foods is an effective approach in low-income areas to improve the quality of young children's diet and, hence, their growth and development. OBJECTIVE: To identify the nutritional values of locally acceptable, feasible, affordable, and sustainable foods and develop a number of recipes that could be used to complement effectively nutrient intakes provided through breastfeeding to children 6 to 23 months of age in Bandiagara, Mali. METHODS: Structured questionnaires were used to obtain lists of all locally available foods during village assembly meetings and identify the food basket of households and child feeding practices during interviews with mothers and fathers. The nutritional values of the foods were estimated, and the Malian food composition table was used to identify the combinations that would result in the most nutritious recipes. RESULTS: Breastfeeding was widely practiced, but the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life was extremely low (7%). The practice of early introduction of water and complementary foods was a problem. Forty recipes for improved dishes, including puddings, drinks and juices, purees, salads, and soups, were proposed. The nutritional values of the 10 most nutritious of these recipes, the types and quantities of the ingredients, and the method of preparation of each recipe are described. CONCLUSIONS: Locally produced indigenous foods in rural Mali were used to develop energy- and nutrient-dense complementary foods for children. Further research is needed to test the short- and long-term effects of consuming these dishes on the nutritional status of children 6 to 23 months of age in Mali.