RESUMO
Certified reference material (CRM) for natural (40K,210Pb,210Po,226Ra,228Ra,228Th,230Th,232Th,234U,235U, and238U) and anthropogenic (137Cs,239+240Pu, and241Am) radionuclides in marine sediment from the Baltic Sea (IAEA-465) has been developed. Information values are given for 238Pu,239Pu and240Pu. Altogether 27 laboratories participated in this exercise. Radiometric (alpha-spectrometry, gamma-spectrometry and beta counting, as well as mass spectrometry (ICP-MS and AMS) techniques were applied in measurements. The CRM is intended to be used for Quality Assurance/Quality Control of radionuclide analyses, for the development and validation of analytical methods, for the development of reference methods and for training purposes.
Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos , Monitoramento de Radiação , Poluentes Radioativos da Água , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Plutônio/análise , Padrões de Referência , Radioisótopos/análise , Radioisótopos de Césio/análise , Tório/análiseRESUMO
The preparation and characterization of certified reference materials (CRMs) for radionuclide content in sediments collected offshore of Bikini Atoll (IAEA-410) and in the open northwest Pacific Ocean (IAEA-412) are described and the results of the certification process are presented. The certified radionuclides include: (40)K, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (232)Th, (234)U, (238)U, (239)Pu, (239+240)Pu and (241)Am for IAEA-410 and (40)K, (137)Cs, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U, (239)Pu, (240)Pu and (239+240)Pu for IAEA-412. The CRMs can be used for quality assurance and quality control purposes in the analysis of radionuclides in sediments, for development and validation of analytical methods and for staff training.
Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Radioisótopos/análise , Radioisótopos/normas , Radiometria/normas , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/análise , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/normas , Certificação/normas , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Micronésia , Oceano Pacífico , Radioisótopos/química , Valores de Referência , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/químicaRESUMO
A Certified Reference Material (CRM) for radionuclides in seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) from the Baltic Sea (IAEA-446) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. The (40)K, (137)Cs, (234)U and (239+240)Pu radionuclides were certified for this material, and information values for 12 other radionuclides ((90)Sr, (99)Tc, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (230)Th, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U, (239)Pu and (240)Pu) are presented. The CRM can be used for Quality Assurance/Quality Control of analysis of radionuclides in seaweed and other biota samples, as well as for development and validation of analytical methods, and for training purposes.
Assuntos
Alga Marinha/química , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Países Bálticos , Padrões de Referência , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is an increase in nosocomial contamination and infection with multi-resistant bacteria among NICU patients. In 2011 we had to deal with an outbreak from multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in our NICU. Analysing the situation, we found 3 different clonal tribes. We presume that there are different sources for the contamination with multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens (MRGN) and we suspect that parents of NICU children may be of some importance. We studied in a one-year setting whether the incidence of nosocomial contaminations and infections may be prevented in a setting of barrier nursing and surveillance of the NICU patients and their parents. Our study was prospective and justified by a vote of support from the ethics committee of the 'Hamburger Ärztekammer' as well as additional funding from the Asklepios-Hamburg Pro-Research for the laboratory expenses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a one-year study we undertook a programme of barrier nursing for all children admitted to our NICU with bacteriological surveillance on their entry into the NICU for children and their parents with anal and pharyngeal-nasal swabs. As long as there were no results, barrier-nursing for the children, their parents and staff was maintained. Where negative results were found, barrier-nursing was interrupted and children were nursed under normal hygienic conditions. Surveillance cultures from the children were taken once a week until being released. In cases of detection of MRGN bacteria, barrier-nursing was implemented together with room isolation. RESULTS: We detected 23 families carrying MRGN bacteria pre-existent before hospitalisation. In cases of MRGN findings, barrier-nursing and room isolation were maintained. Under these circumstances, there were 6 cases of contamination of NICU children, 4 after vaginal delivery and secondary admittance in the NICU. The circumstances for the 2 others are discussed. CONCLUSION: Parents are an important source for MRGN bacteria in the NICU. The early detection of those carriers is important for the avoidance of outbreaks in an NICU. In most cases, contamination and infection can be prevented.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/transmissão , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Pais , Portador Sadio/diagnóstico , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Portador Sadio/transmissão , Feminino , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/diagnóstico , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/microbiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Isolamento de PacientesRESUMO
The first infections of the new H1N1 ("swine flu") virus were announced in April 2009. Soon after, case numbers were observed to be climbing virtually worldwide. In most cases, infections appeared rather mild with typical flu symptoms. In contrast to the seasonal flu, however, cases with vomiting and diarrhea were also reported, and the affected age group seemed to be younger. Sudden and fatal progression affected mostly those under 60 years of age. The autopsy reports of two fatalities with the new influenza are discussed. Multiple postmortem swabs from the nose and throat area determined the H1N1-RNA.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Autopsia , Feminino , Humanos , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Pulmão/patologia , Miocardite/complicações , Miocárdio/patologiaRESUMO
Worldwide increasing rates of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) with severe courses and outbreaks have been reported. This change in CDI epidemiology has on one hand been related to the spread of specific PCR ribotypes (e.g. 027) and on the other hand to increased prevalence of resistant C. difficile strains. This single-centre retrospective analysis characterized resistance against erythromycin and moxifloxacin, presence of binary toxin gene and ribotypes in 73 C. difficile isolates from 2008 in comparison with 23 isolates from 1990. In 1990, five different PCR ribotypes including 027 were identified. Resistance against erythromycin was detected in 3 of 23 (13%), while 20 of 23 (87%) from all isolates were susceptible to both erythromycin and moxifloxacin. In contrast, in 2008 a significantly increased prevalence of resistant C. difficile strains was observed, with 40 of 73 (54.8%) isolates being resistant against both antibiotics. Resistant C. difficile strains were mainly assigned to PCR ribotype 001. No isolates belonging to PCR ribotype 027 were identified. Our data provide evidence that the increase of resistant C. difficile strains belonging to PCR ribotype 001 rather than the spread of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 contribute to the changing epidemiology of CDI.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Compostos Aza/farmacologia , Clostridioides difficile/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/epidemiologia , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Ribotipagem , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Clostridioides difficile/classificação , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Infecção Hospitalar , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/microbiologia , Fluoroquinolonas , Alemanha , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Moxifloxacina , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
A new Certified Reference Material (CRM) for radionuclides in sediment (IAEA-385) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Eleven radionuclides ((40)K, (137)Cs, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (230)Th, (232)Th, (234)U, (238)U, (238)Pu, (239+240)Pu and (241)Am) have been certified and information mass activities with 95% confidence intervals are given for seven other radionuclides ((90)Sr, (210)Pb((210)Po), (235)U, (239)Pu, (240)Pu and (241)Pu). Results for less frequently reported radionuclides ((60)Co, (99)Tc, (134)Cs, (155)Eu, (224)Ra and (239)Np) and information on some activity and mass ratios are also reported. The CRM can be used for quality assurance/quality control of the analysis of radionuclides in sediment samples, for the development and validation of analytical methods and for training purposes.