Tratamiento laparoscópico resectivo por endometriosis severa con compromiso colorrectal: factibilidad y seguridad / Laparoscopic resective treatment for severe endometriosis with colorectal involvement: feasibility and safety

Introducción: La endometriosis intestinal es una forma severa de esta entidad, afectando hasta un 12% de estas pacientes. Su tratamiento quirúrgico resulta difícil debido a la distorsión anatómica que genera, más aún cuando el abordaje es el laparoscópico. Objetivo: Analizar la factibilidad y seguridad terapéutica de las resecciones colorrectales laparoscópicas por endometriosis severa. Diseño: Observacional retrospectivo de una base de datos prospectiva. Material y métodos: Pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de endometriosis con compromiso colorrectal a las cuales se les realizó una resección intestinal entre enero de 2003 y septiembre de 2013. Resultados: De 1343 casos operados, 17 pacientes fueron intervenidas por endometriosis severa con compromiso colorrectal. Edad media 35 años (rango 23 - 47), IMC medio 22 kg/m2 (rango 18 – 35).El segmento frecuentemente afectado fue el recto (52%) y la unión rectosigmoidea (30%).En 9 pacientes se realizó una resección anterior baja, 4 de ellas requirieron ostomía derivativa; 5 pacientes recibieron una Resección anterior alta y 3 pacientes una hemicolectomía derecha. Tiempo operatorio medio 187 min (rango 60 - 360) y el sangrado operatorio medio 90cc (rango 20 - 500). Índice de conversión 11%. No se registraron complicaciones intraoperatorias. Estadía hospitalaria media 4 días (rango 2 - 10).Morbilidad global 23%.Se observaron complicaciones postoperatorias mayores en 1 caso (dehiscencia anastomótica) y menores en 3 casos (retención urinaria). No se registró readmisión hospitalaria y la mortalidad fue nula. Conclusiones: El tratamiento laparoscópico de la endometriosis intestinal severa es una opción factible y segura. En centros entrenados, puede ser adoptada como primera opción en el manejo de la endometriosis pelviana con severo compromiso colorrectal.

Background: Deep infiltrating endometriosis with bowel involvement is an aggressive form of endometriosis with an incidence up to 12%.It´s surgical management represents a challenge because of the distortion of the anatomy this entity produces, even more so when the approach is laparoscopical. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and security of colorectal laparoscopic resections for bowel endometriosis. Materials and methods: All patients presenting to the Department of Colorectal Surgery with bowel endometriosis from January 2003 to September 2013 were identified from a prospective database and retrospectively analyzed. Results: From 1343 colorectal laparoscopic procedures, 17 patients received surgery because of bowel endometriosis. Median age 35 years (range 23 to 47) and median BMI 22 kg/m2 (range 18 to 35). The most affected segments included Rectum 52% and the Rectosigmoid junction 30%. Resections included 9 low anterior resections (4 of them required fecal diversion), 5 High anterior resections and 3 Right Hemicolectomies. Median operating time was 187 minutes (range 60 to 360). Conversion rate 11%. Median length of stay was 4 days (range 2 to 10). There were none intraoperative complications. Global morbidity rate was 23%. Postoperative major complications occurred in 5.8%: one patient presented an anastomotic leak. There were 3 minor complications consistent of urinary retentions. There were no readmissions and mortality rate was nule. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery of bowel endometriosis is a feasible and safe therapeutic option. In trained centers, it can be adopted as the first option in the management of deep infiltrating pelvic endometriosis with bowel involvement.

Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage for Hinchey III diverticulitis: is it as effective as it is applicable?

BACKGROUND: Over the past few years, the laparoscopic peritoneal lavage has emerged as a therapeutic alternative to standard resection procedures. However, its effectiveness and applicability remain debatable. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess laparoscopic lavage in controlling abdominal sepsis secondary to purulent peritonitis. DESIGN: This study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: This study was conducted at a single tertiary care institution. PATIENTS: Patients requiring emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis and generalized peritonitis between June 2006 and June 2013 were identified from a prospective database. Laparoscopic assessment was considered in all of the hemodynamically stable patients, and laparoscopic lavage was performed according to intraoperative strict criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were the effectiveness and applicability of laparoscopic lavage. Secondarily, feasibility, morbidity, and mortality were also assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients required emergency surgery for generalized peritonitis secondary to perforated diverticulitis. Forty-six patients who underwent laparoscopy presented a purulent generalized (Hinchey III) peritonitis and were examined under the intention-to-treat basis to perform a laparoscopic lavage. Thirty-two patients (70.0%; 95% CI 56.2-82.7) had no previous episodes of diverticulitis. Thirty-six patients (78.0%; 95% CI 66.3-90.1) had free air on a CT scan. The conversion rate was 4% (95% CI 0-10). The feasibility of the method was 96.0% (95% CI 90.4-100), and its applicability was 59.0% (95% CI 44.8-73.2). Median operative time was 89 minutes (range, 40-200 minutes). Postoperative morbidity was 24.0% (95% CI 11.7-36.3), and the mortality rate was 0%. We registered 5 failures, and all of them underwent reoperation. The effectiveness of the procedure was 85% (95% CI 76-93). LIMITATIONS: This was a single-institution retrospective study. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of laparoscopic lavage seems to be high. Although its applicability is lower, it could be applied in more than half of patients requiring emergency surgery. This alternative strategy should be considered when laparoscopic assessment reveals Hinchey III diverticulitis.

Tratamiento Laparoscópico del Cáncer de Recto: Resultados Oncológicos a Largo Plazo / Laparoscopic treatment of rectal cancer: long-term results

Antecedentes: Si bien la factibilidad del tratamiento laparoscópico del cáncer de recto ha sido previamente descripta, su aplicación masiva continúa siendo controversial y los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo son aun limitados. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados peri operatorios, la tasa de recurrencia local y la sobrevida alejada a cinco años en pacientes con cáncer de recto operados por vía laparoscópica, y comparar la sobrevida de los pacientes operados por vía laparoscópica con la de aquellos que debieron ser convertidos. Diseño: Observacional retrospectivo Lugar de aplicación: Hospital Privado Universitario Método: Se analizaron 164 pacientes portadores de cáncer de recto operados por vía laparoscópica pura entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2011. Los datos clínicos, anatomopatológicos y oncológicos, fueron ingresados prospectivamente en una base de datos. La supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad a 5 años fue calculada según el método actuarial de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: El 66% de la población presentó tumores de recto medio (n=76) e inferior (n=32), y el 26% (n= 43) recibió tratamiento neoadyuvante. La tasa de preservación esfinteriana fue del 95%. La mediana de la altura de la anastomosis fue de 5 cm (rango: 2 a 12), empleando un reservorio colónico en "J" en el 8,5%. El índice de conversión global fue del 14,6%. La morbilidad y mortalidad global fue 19,5% y 0% respectivamente. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 3 días (r: 2-28). No se registró compromiso de los márgenes quirúrgicos. La media de ganglios linfáticos analizados fue de 15 (rango: 0 - 56). La distribución por estadíos de acuerdo al TNM fue del 3,8% para el estadío 0, 37,8% para el estadío I, 22,5% para el estadío II, 29,2% para el estadío III y 6,7% para el estadío IV. El seguimiento promedio fue de 25 meses (rango: 3 a 81). La tasa de recurrencia local de la serie fue del 1,2% (dos pacientes). La sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad a cinco años fue del 88% (IC 95%: 76-99) y 83% (IC 95%: 72-95) respectivamente. La sobrevida global a 5 años de los pacientes convertidos versus lo no convertidos, fue del 83,3% y 94% respectivamente (p= NS). Conclusiones: El tratamiento laparoscópico del cáncer de recto es oncologicamente seguro. No ha afectado la calidad de las piezas quirúrgicas obtenidas ni los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo. La sobrevida global de los pacientes convertidos resultó equivalente a la de los operados en forma laparoscópica.(AU)

Background: Even though the laparoscopic approach for rectal cancer has been previously described, its extended application is still controversial and the long-term oncological results are limited. Objective: To analyze the surgical results, local recurrence rate and 5-year survival in patients with rectal cancer operated on by laparoscopy. Secondarily, to compare the survival of patients operated on by laparoscopy with those who required conversion to open surgery. Setting: Private University Hospital Design: Retrospective observational. Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty four consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer were analyzed between January 2005 and December 2011. The clinical, pathological and oncological data were collected into a database. Overall and disease free survival at 5 years was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 66% of patients had tumors in middle (n=76) and low (n=32) rectum, and 26% (n=43) received neoadjuvant therapy. The sphincter preservation rate was 95%. The median distance between the anastomosis and the anal verge was 5 cm (range: 2 - 12), and a "j" pouch was performed in 8.5%. The overall conversion rate to open surgery was 14.6%. The morbidity and mortality was 19.5% and 0% respectively. The median hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2-28). Surgical margins were negative. The median of lymph nodes harvested was 15 (range: 0-56). According to TNM staging, there were 3.8% for stage 0, 37.8 for stage I, 22.5% for stage II, 29,2% for stage III and 6.7 for stage IV. The median follow up time was 25 months (range: 3-81). The overall local recurrence rate was 1.2% (two patients). The overall and disease free 5-year survival was 88% (IC 95%: 76-99) and 83% (IC 95%: 72-95) respectively. The overall 5-year survival of patients operated on by laparoscopy and those who required conversion to open surgery was 83.3% and 94%, respectively (p= NS). Conclusions: The laparoscopic approach for rectal cancer is safe. It does not affect the quality of the specimens and the oncological long-term outcomes. The 5-year overall survival of converted patients to open surgery is similar to the laparoscopic group.(AU)

Tratamiento laparoscópico del cáncer de recto: resultados oncológicos a largo plazo / Laparoscopic treatment of rectal cancer: long-term results

Antecedentes: Si bien la factibilidad del tratamiento laparoscópico del cáncer de recto ha sido previamente descripta, su aplicación masiva continúa siendo controversial y los resultados oncológicos a largo plazo son aun limitados.Objetivo: Analizar los resultados peri operatorios, la tasa de recurrencia local y la sobrevida alejada a cinco años en pacientes con cáncer de recto operados por vía laparoscópica, y comparar la sobrevida de los pacientes operados por vía laparoscópica con la de aquellos que debieron ser convertidos.Diseño: Observacional retrospectivoLugar de aplicación: Hospital Privado UniversitarioMétodo: Se analizaron 164 pacientes portadores de cáncer de recto operados por vía laparoscópica pura entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2011. Los datos clínicos, anatomopatológicos y oncológicos, fueron ingresados prospectivamente en una base de datos. La supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad a 5 años fue calculada según el método actuarial de Kaplan-Meier.Resultados: El 66% de la población presentó tumores de recto medio (n=76) e inferior (n=32), y el 26% (n= 43) recibió tratamiento neoadyuvante. La tasa de preservación esfinteriana fue del 95%. La mediana de la altura de la anastomosis fue de 5 cm (rango: 2 a 12), empleando un reservorio colónico en "J" en el 8,5%. El índice de conversión global fue del 14,6%. La morbilidad y mortalidad global fue 19,5% y 0% respectivamente. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 3 días (r: 2-28). No se registró compromiso de los márgenes quirúrgicos. La media de ganglios linfáticos analizados fue de 15 (rango: 0 - 56). La distribución por estadíos de acuerdo al TNM fue del 3,8% para el estadío 0, 37,8% para el estadío I, 22,5% para el estadío II, 29,2% para el estadío III y 6,7% para el estadío IV. El seguimiento promedio fue de 25 meses (rango: 3 a 81). La tasa de recurrencia local de la serie fue del 1,2% (dos pacientes)...

Background: Even though the laparoscopic approach for rectal cancer has been previously described, its extended application is still controversial and the long-term oncological results are limited.Objective: To analyze the surgical results, local recurrence rate and 5-year survival in patients with rectal cancer operated on by laparoscopy. Secondarily, to compare the survival of patients operated on by laparoscopy with those who required conversion to open surgery.Setting: Private University Hospital Design: Retrospective observational.Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty four consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer were analyzed between January 2005 and December 2011. The clinical, pathological and oncological data were collected into a database. Overall and disease free survival at 5 years was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method.Results: 66% of patients had tumors in middle (n=76) and low (n=32) rectum, and 26% (n=43) received neoadjuvant therapy. The sphincter preservation rate was 95%. The median distance between the anastomosis and the anal verge was 5 cm (range: 2 - 12), and a "j" pouch was performed in 8.5%. The overall conversion rate to open surgery was 14.6%. The morbidity and mortality was 19.5% and 0% respectively. The median hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2-28). Surgical margins were negative. The median of lymph nodes harvested was 15 (range: 0-56). According to TNM staging, there were 3.8% for stage 0, 37.8 for stage I, 22.5% for stage II, 29,2% for stage III and 6.7 for stage IV. The median follow up time was 25 months (range: 3-81). The overall local recurrence rate was 1.2% (two patients)...

[Robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer]. / Resección total de mesorrecto robótica por cáncer de recto.

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) has proven to be feasible and safe. However, it represents a major technical challenge, since it involves the dissection of the rectum in a confined space such as the bony pelvis using un-ergonomic surgical devices. This difficulty is accentuated in patients with distal tumors and high body mass index (BMI), in which the surgical margins and the hypogastric nerves may be affected. Therefore, robotic surgery aims to overcome these limitations that conspire against the mininvasive surgical approach of rectal cancer. We present an obese (BMI = 32 kg/m2) 82-year-old man with a history of smoking and prostate cancer that was recently diagnosed with a middle rectal adenocarcinoma at 9 cm from the anal verge. Rectal examination evidenced a mobile lesion. Computed tomography scan ruled out metastases and at the local staging by MRI, the tumor was considered as T3-N0 with free circumferential margins. Surgical treatment was decided and a hybrid technique was used combining an initial laparoscopic approach followed by the robotic TME. The patient had a full recovery and was discharged three days after surgery without complications. Pathological examination revealed a low-grade adenocarcinoma with mesorectal invasion, free circumferential and distal margins, and 24 negative lymph nodes (pT3-pN0-pM0/Stage II). Robotic TME was performed safely in an obese patient. It facilitated dissection maneuvers in a confined space with proper identification and preservation of the hypogastric nerves, allowing retrieving an intact mesorectum. Prospective randomized trials will define the role of this new technology.

Two-day hospital stay after laparoscopic colorectal surgery under an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to examine the feasibility and safety of a two-day hospital stay after laparoscopic colorectal resection (LCR) under an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2010, 882 consecutive patients undergoing LCR were analyzed. Patients were grouped and analyzed according to whether their hospital stay was 2 days (group A) or longer (group B). Demographic, surgical, and postoperative data were compared. To identify independent predictive factors related to a short hospital stay, a multivariate analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Group A represented 10.3 % of this series (91 patients). There were no differences regarding age, gender, BMI, ASA, and previous abdominal surgeries between groups. Group A had a lower incidence of rectal cancer and anterior resections than group B (6.6 vs. 17.7 % [p = 0.006] and 14.3 vs. 23.4 % [p = 0.048]), respectively, and a lower mean operative time (170 min vs. 192 min; p = 0.002). Group A had a lower overall morbidity rate than group B (5.5 vs. 16.9 %; p = 0.004) and a lower incidence of surgery-related complications (5.5 vs. 14.9 %; p = 0.001). The overall conversion rate was 10 % (only one patient in group A required conversion), and the difference in conversion rate between groups was statistically significant (1.2 vs. 10.7 %; p = 0.003). Group A had a lower readmission rate (0 vs. 4.9 %; p = 0.089). Multivariate analysis showed that conversion, postoperative morbidity, and rectal prolapse were independently associated with the length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: A two-day hospital stay after LCR is safe and feasible under an ERAS pathway, without compromising the readmission or complication rate.

Resección total de mesorrecto robótica por cáncer de recto. / [Robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer].

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) has proven to be feasible and safe. However, it represents a major technical challenge, since it involves the dissection of the rectum in a confined space such as the bony pelvis using un-ergonomic surgical devices. This difficulty is accentuated in patients with distal tumors and high body mass index (BMI), in which the surgical margins and the hypogastric nerves may be affected. Therefore, robotic surgery aims to overcome these limitations that conspire against the mininvasive surgical approach of rectal cancer. We present an obese (BMI = 32 kg/m2) 82-year-old man with a history of smoking and prostate cancer that was recently diagnosed with a middle rectal adenocarcinoma at 9 cm from the anal verge. Rectal examination evidenced a mobile lesion. Computed tomography scan ruled out metastases and at the local staging by MRI, the tumor was considered as T3-N0 with free circumferential margins. Surgical treatment was decided and a hybrid technique was used combining an initial laparoscopic approach followed by the robotic TME. The patient had a full recovery and was discharged three days after surgery without complications. Pathological examination revealed a low-grade adenocarcinoma with mesorectal invasion, free circumferential and distal margins, and 24 negative lymph nodes (pT3-pN0-pM0/Stage II). Robotic TME was performed safely in an obese patient. It facilitated dissection maneuvers in a confined space with proper identification and preservation of the hypogastric nerves, allowing retrieving an intact mesorectum. Prospective randomized trials will define the role of this new technology.

Resección total de mesorrecto robótica por cáncer de recto / [Robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer].

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) has proven to be feasible and safe. However, it represents a major technical challenge, since it involves the dissection of the rectum in a confined space such as the bony pelvis using un-ergonomic surgical devices. This difficulty is accentuated in patients with distal tumors and high body mass index (BMI), in which the surgical margins and the hypogastric nerves may be affected. Therefore, robotic surgery aims to overcome these limitations that conspire against the mininvasive surgical approach of rectal cancer. We present an obese (BMI = 32 kg/m2) 82-year-old man with a history of smoking and prostate cancer that was recently diagnosed with a middle rectal adenocarcinoma at 9 cm from the anal verge. Rectal examination evidenced a mobile lesion. Computed tomography scan ruled out metastases and at the local staging by MRI, the tumor was considered as T3-N0 with free circumferential margins. Surgical treatment was decided and a hybrid technique was used combining an initial laparoscopic approach followed by the robotic TME. The patient had a full recovery and was discharged three days after surgery without complications. Pathological examination revealed a low-grade adenocarcinoma with mesorectal invasion, free circumferential and distal margins, and 24 negative lymph nodes (pT3-pN0-pM0/Stage II). Robotic TME was performed safely in an obese patient. It facilitated dissection maneuvers in a confined space with proper identification and preservation of the hypogastric nerves, allowing retrieving an intact mesorectum. Prospective randomized trials will define the role of this new technology.

El área de superficie corporal: un factor predictor de conversión en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica

Antecedentes: El área de superficie corporal es una medida usada en el entorno clínico. Su impacto en la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica no ha sido estudiado previamente. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la superficie corporal sobre la tasa de conversión y el tiempo operatorio en cirugía laparoscópica. Diseño: Análisis retrospectivo de datos recogidos prospectivamente. Marco: Una sola institución de atención terciaria. Pacientes: Fueron identificados 916 pacientes consecutivos operados entre enero de 2004 y agosto de 2011, incluidos en una base de datos completada en forma prospectiva. Principales medidas de resultado: Se analizaron la tasa de conversión y el tiempo operatorio laparoscópico en relación a la edad, el género, la obesidad, la localización de la enfermedad (colon vs recto), el tipo de enfermedad (neoplásica vs no neoplásica), el antecedente de cirugías previas, y la superficie corporal; el área de superficie corporal se calculó mediante la fórmula de Mosteller. El área de superficie corporal se analizó utilizando la mediana, y cuartilos con valores de corte de 1.6; 1.8 y 2.0. Se utilizó la regresión logística para analizar la asociación entre el área de superficie corporal y la tasa de conversión, ajustada por diferentes factores. Se investigó la interacción entre la superficie corporal y el índice de masa corporal, pero no fue constatada. Resultados: La tasa de conversión global fue del 10%. La mediana del área de superficie corporal fue de 1.84 m² (rango: 1.14- 2.53). Las tasas de conversión de los cuartiles 1, 2, 3 y 4 fueron: 4.4%, 8.3%, 12.7% y 14.8%, respectivamente, p=0.001. Los pacientes con superficie corporal > 1.8 m²(N = 503) tuvieron una tasa de conversión más alta que los de superficie corporal < 1.8 m²(N=413) [13.8% vs 6.3%, respectivamente, OR: 2.35 (IC 95%: 1.45-3.86, p=0.0001)]. El análisis multivariado mostró que el área de superficie corporal > 1.8m² se asoció a la conversión (OR: 2, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.7, p=0.023) después de ajustar por sexo, edad, obesidad, localización de la patología (recto vs colon), tipo de abordaje laparoscópico y antecedente de cirugías previas. Limitación: se trata de un estudio retrospectivo realizado en una sola institución. Conclusión: El área de superficie corporal es un buen predictor de la conversión; debe ser incluido como parte de los futuros estudios sobre los resultados de la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica, como información a los pacientes, cuando se seleccionan casos al inicio de la curva de aprendizaje, y al determinar el estándar de calidad de atención.(AU)

Background: Body surface área is a measurement used in clinical settings. Its impact on laparoscopic colorectal surgery has not been previously studied. Objective:To assess the impact of body surface área on conversión rate. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Setting: Single tertiary care institution. Patients: 916 consecutive patients operated on between January 2004 and August 2011 were identified from a prospectively datábase. Main outcome measures: Conversión rate was analyzed related to age, gender, obesity, disease location (colon vs. rectum), type of disease (neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic), history of previous surgery, and body surface área; body surface área was calculated by Mosteller formula. Body surface área was analyzed using median and quartiles cut off valúes (1.6, 1.8 and 2.0). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between body surface área and conversión, adjusting for different confounders. Interaction between body surface área and body mass Index was checked and not found. Results: Overall conversión rate was 10%. Median body surface área was 1.84 (range: 1.14-2.53).Conversión rates for quartiles 1, 2, 3 and 4 were: 4.4%, 8.3%, 12.7%, and 14.8%, respectively, p = 0.001. Patients with body surface área > 1.8 (N=503) had a higher conversión rate than those with body surface área < 1.8 (N=413) [13.8% vs 6.3%, respectively, OR: 2.35 (95% Cl: 1.45-3.86; p=0.0001)j. Multivariate analysis showed that body surface área > 1.8 was associated with conversión (OR: 2, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.7, p=0.023) after adjusting for gender, age, and previous surgery. ROC analysis of body surface área showed an área under the curve of 0.62. Body surface área > 1.8 had a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 48% respectively. Limitation: This was a single institution retrospective study. Conclusión: Body surface área is a good predictor for conversión and should be included as part of future studies on outcomes for laparoscopic colorectal surgery.(AU)

El área de superficie corporal: un factor predictor de conversión en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica

Antecedentes: El área de superficie corporal es una medida usada en el entorno clínico. Su impacto en la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica no ha sido estudiado previamente. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la superficie corporal sobre la tasa de conversión y el tiempo operatorio en cirugía laparoscópica. Diseño: Análisis retrospectivo de datos recogidos prospectivamente. Marco: Una sola institución de atención terciaria. Pacientes: Fueron identificados 916 pacientes consecutivos operados entre enero de 2004 y agosto de 2011, incluidos en una base de datos completada en forma prospectiva. Principales medidas de resultado: Se analizaron la tasa de conversión y el tiempo operatorio laparoscópico en relación a la edad, el género, la obesidad, la localización de la enfermedad (colon vs recto), el tipo de enfermedad (neoplásica vs no neoplásica), el antecedente de cirugías previas, y la superficie corporal; el área de superficie corporal se calculó mediante la fórmula de Mosteller. El área de superficie corporal se analizó utilizando la mediana, y cuartilos con valores de corte de 1.6; 1.8 y 2.0. Se utilizó la regresión logística para analizar la asociación entre el área de superficie corporal y la tasa de conversión, ajustada por diferentes factores. Se investigó la interacción entre la superficie corporal y el índice de masa corporal, pero no fue constatada. Resultados: La tasa de conversión global fue del 10%. La mediana del área de superficie corporal fue de 1.84 m² (rango: 1.14- 2.53). Las tasas de conversión de los cuartiles 1, 2, 3 y 4 fueron: 4.4%, 8.3%, 12.7% y 14.8%, respectivamente, p=0.001. Los pacientes con superficie corporal > 1.8 m²(N = 503) tuvieron una tasa de conversión más alta que los de superficie corporal < 1.8 m²(N=413) [13.8% vs 6.3%, respectivamente, OR: 2.35 (IC 95%: 1.45-3.86, p=0.0001)]. El análisis multivariado mostró que el área de superficie corporal > 1.8m² se asoció a la conversión (OR: 2, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.7, p=0.023) después de ajustar por sexo, edad, obesidad, localización de la patología (recto vs colon), tipo de abordaje laparoscópico y antecedente de cirugías previas. Limitación: se trata de un estudio retrospectivo realizado en una sola institución. Conclusión: El área de superficie corporal es un buen predictor de la conversión; debe ser incluido como parte de los futuros estudios sobre los resultados de la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica, como información a los pacientes, cuando se seleccionan casos al inicio de la curva de aprendizaje, y al determinar el estándar de calidad de atención.

Background: Body surface área is a measurement used in clinical settings. Its impact on laparoscopic colorectal surgery has not been previously studied. Objective:To assess the impact of body surface área on conversión rate. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Setting: Single tertiary care institution. Patients: 916 consecutive patients operated on between January 2004 and August 2011 were identified from a prospectively datábase. Main outcome measures: Conversión rate was analyzed related to age, gender, obesity, disease location (colon vs. rectum), type of disease (neoplastic vs. non-neoplastic), history of previous surgery, and body surface área; body surface área was calculated by Mosteller formula. Body surface área was analyzed using median and quartiles cut off valúes (1.6, 1.8 and 2.0). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between body surface área and conversión, adjusting for different confounders. Interaction between body surface área and body mass Índex was checked and not found. Results: Overall conversión rate was 10%. Median body surface área was 1.84 (range: 1.14-2.53).Conversión rates for quartiles 1, 2, 3 and 4 were: 4.4%, 8.3%, 12.7%, and 14.8%, respectively, p = 0.001. Patients with body surface área > 1.8 (N=503) had a higher conversión rate than those with body surface área < 1.8 (N=413) [13.8% vs 6.3%, respectively, OR: 2.35 (95% Cl: 1.45-3.86; p=0.0001)j. Multivariate analysis showed that body surface área > 1.8 was associated with conversión (OR: 2, 95% Cl: 1.1-3.7, p=0.023) after adjusting for gender, age, and previous surgery. ROC analysis of body surface área showed an área under the curve of 0.62. Body surface área > 1.8 had a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 48% respectively. Limitation: This was a single institution retrospective study. Conclusión: Body surface área is a good predictor for conversión and should be included as part of future studies on outcomes for laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Body surface area: a new predictor factor for conversion and prolonged operative time in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Body surface area is a measurement of body size used in clinical settings. Its impact on laparoscopic colorectal surgery has not been previously studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of body surface area on the conversion rate and laparoscopic operative time. DESIGN: This study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: This study was conducted at a single tertiary care institution. PATIENTS: Nine hundred sixteen consecutive patients operated on between January 2004 and August 2011 were identified from a prospective database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Conversion rate and laparoscopic operative time were analyzed related to age, sex, obesity, disease location (colon vs rectum), type of disease (neoplastic vs nonneoplastic), history of previous surgery, and body surface area; body surface area was calculated by the Mosteller formula. Body surface area was analyzed by the use of median and quartile cutoff values (1.6, 1.8, and 2.0). Multivariate models were adjusted for different confounders. Interaction between body surface area and BMI was ruled out. RESULTS: The conversion rate was 10%. Conversion rates for quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 4.4%, 8.3%, 12.7%, and 14.8%, p = 0.001. Patients with body surface area ≥ 1.8 had a higher conversion rate than those with body surface area <1.8 (13.9% vs 5.3%, OR: 2.35 (95% CI: 1.45-3.86; p = 0.0001)). Multivariate analysis showed that body surface area ≥ 1.8 was associated with conversion (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.1-3.7, p = 0.02) and a longer operative time after adjusting for sex, age, obesity, disease location (rectum vs colon), and type of laparoscopic approach. LIMITATION: This was a single-institution retrospective study. CONCLUSION: Body surface area is a predictor for conversion and longer laparoscopic operative time. It should be considered when informing patients, selecting cases in the early learning curve, and assessing standard of care.

Laparoscopía mano-asistida en neoplasias colorrectales: evaluación de los primeros 100 casos / Hand-assisted laparosocopic colectomy in colorectal neoplasm: first 100 cases

Introducción: La cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica manoasistida es propuesta como una alternativa a la laparoscopia convencional para facilitar el procedimiento conservando las ventajas del abordaje mínimamente invasivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la experiencia inicial con esta técnica en términos de resultados intra y postoperatorios inmediatos en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal. Diseño: Estudio restrospectivo. Pacientes y método: Se analizan 100 pacientes (51 mujeres, edad promedio 69 años, mediana de IMC: 24) operados en forma electiva entre julio de 2006 y enero de 2009. Las indicaciones fueron: adenocarcinoma de colon derecho (31 casos), adenocarcinoma de colon izquierdo (29 casos), adenocarcinoma de recto (21 casos), pólipo adenomatoso (15 casos), adenocarcinoma sincrónico (2 casos) y adecarcinoma de colon transverso (2 casos). Se efectuaron 38 colectomías derechas, 23 sigmoidectomías, 23 resecciones anteriores, 12 colectomías izquierdas, 2 colectomías transversa, 2 colectomías doble. Resultados: El tamaño de la herida fue de 6.5 (rango: 6-7) cm. El tiempo operatorio global fue de 150 minutos (IC95 por ciento: 140-180). Las resecciones anteriores se asociaron a un mayor tiempo operatorio: 190 vs 120 y 150 minutos para las colectomías derechas e izquierdas respectivamente (p< 0.01). La mediana de pérdida sanguínea fue de 70 ml (IC 95 por ciento: 60-100). El índice de conversión fue de 5 por ciento, sin conversiones en los últimos 55 casos. Sólo 1 complicación intraoperatoria (sangrado) requirió conversión. No se produjeron muertes postoperatorias. La estadia hospitalaria fue de 3,5 (IC95 por ciento: 3-4) días y sólo 1 paciente fue reinternado. El 26 por ciento de los pacientes eliminó gases el primer día postoperatorio (mediana 2 días, IC95 por ciento: 1-2 días). La morbilidad fue del 11 por ciento: infección de herida 5 casos, débito sanguíneo por el drenaje 1 caso, íleo post-operatorio 5 casos...

Introduction: colorectal hand-assisted laparoscopy surgery is proposed as an alternative approach to standard laparoscopy in order to make the procedure easier and to maintain the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze our initial experience in terms of intra-operative and short-term outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: we analyzed 100 patients (51 females; mean age, 69 years; BMI, 24) operated on electively between July 2006 and January 2009. The indications for surgery were: adenocarcinoma of the right colon (31 cases), adenocarcinoma of the left colon (29 cases), adenocarcinoma of the rectum (21 cases), adenomatous polyp (15 cases), synchronous adenocarcinoma (2 cases) and adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon (2 cases). The procedures performed were: 38 right colectomies, 23 sigmoidectomies, 23 anterior resection, 12 left colectomies, 2 transverse colectomy, and 2 double colectomy. Results: The median size of the incision was 6.5 cm (95 per cent CI, 6-5) cm. Global operative time was 150 minutes (95 per cent C1, 140-180). Anterior resections were associated with a longer operative time: 190 minutes vs. 145 and 120 minutes for right and left colectomies respectively (p<0.005). The median loss of blood was 70 ml (IC95 per cent, 60-100). Five cases (5 per cent) required conversion with no cases in the last 55 patients. There were only 1 intraoperative complication which required conversion and there were not postoperative deaths. The median hospital stay was 3.5 (95 per cent CI, 3-4) days, and only 1 patient requiring re-admission. 26 per cent of the patients passed gas in the first postoperative day (median 2; 95 per cent CI, 1-2 days). The morbidity rate was 11 per cent (11 patients): wound infection, 5 cases; bleeding through drainage, 1 case; postoperative ileo, 5 cases...

Lymph node ratio as prognosis factor for colon cancer treated by colorectal surgeons.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the prognostic value of the lymph node ratio in patients with colon cancer treated by colorectal specialists. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-two Stage III consecutive cases were analyzed based on quartiles: lymph node ratio 1 (>0 and <0.06); lymph node ratio 2 (between 0.06 and 0.12); lymph node ratio 3 (>0.12 and <0.25); lymph node ratio 4 (>or=0.25). RESULTS: Disease-free survival rates were: lymph node ratio 1, 75.5%; lymph node ratio 2, 74.2%; lymph node ratio 3, 73.2%; and lymph node ratio 4, 40.1%. Similar differences were observed for cancer-specific and overall survival rates. Cases with lymph node ratio >or=0.25 had higher hazard ratios than cases with lymph node ratio <0.25 in terms of disease-free survival (2.8, P < 0.001), cancer-specific survival (3.1, P = 0.0001), and overall survival (2.2, P = 0.0001). The hazard ratio of cases with up to three positive nodes and lymph node ratios >or=0.25 was higher than that of cases with up to three positive nodes and lymph node ratios <0.25 in terms of disease-free survival (3.1, P = 0.003), cancer-specific survival (3.5, P = 0.002), and overall survival (2.4, P = 0.02). Similar differences were found for cases with more than three positive nodes. Lymph node ratio, but not number of positive nodes, had independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis. No interaction between these two variables was found. CONCLUSION: A lymph node ratio >or=0.25 was an independent prognostic factor in Stage III colon adenocarcinoma regardless of the number positive nodes. It modified outcomes predicted by the current staging system.

Cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica mano-asistida: ¿una alternativa válida? / Flow-attended laparoscópica rectocolonic surgery: a valid alternative?

Introducción: La cirugía colorrectal laparascópica mano-asistida es propuesta como una alternativa a la laparoscopia convencional para facilitar el procedimiento conservando las ventajas del abordaje mínimamente invasivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la experiencia inicial con esta técnica en términos de resultados intra y posoperatorios inmediatos en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal. Método: Se analizan 38 pacientes (22 mujeres, edad promedio 69 años, mediana de IMC: 24) operados en forma electiva entre julio de 2006 y septiembre de 2007. Las indicaciones fueron: adenocarciroma de colon derecho (11 casos), adenocrarciroma sincrónico (1 caso). Se efecturaon 12 colectomías derechas, 9 sigmoidectomías, 9 resecciones anteriores (5 altas, 2 bajas y 2 ultrabajas), 5 colectomías izquierdas, 1 colectomía transversa, 1 colectomía doble y 1 colectomía total. Resultados: El tamaño de la herida fue de 5,25 cm (IC 95% 5-6cm). El tiempo operatorio global fue de 170 minutos (IC 95% 140-180). Las resecciones anteriores se asociaron a un tiempo operatorio más prolongado: 190 vs 145 minutos para las colectomías derechas y 150 minutos para las colectomías izquierdas, p <0.005. La mediana de pérdida sanguínea se estimó en 70 ml (IC 95% 60-100). El total de conversiones fue de 2 casos (5,3%), no registrándose ninguna conversión en los últimos 22 casos y en ninguna colectomía. No se registraron complicaciones intraoperatorias ni muertes posoperatorias. La estadia hospitalaria fue de 4 días (IC 95% 3-4) sin ningún caso de reinternación. El 44% de los pacientes eliminó gases el primer día posoperatorio (mediana 2 días, IC 95% 1-2 días). La morbilidad fue del 14,3% (5pacientes): infección de herida 3 casos, débito sanguíneo por el drenaje 1 caso, íleo posoperatorio 1 caso. Conclusión: La técnica laparoscópica mano-asistida demostró mantener las ventajas del abordaje laparoscopica convencional y se asoció a un muy bajo nivel de conversión a pesar de haberse aplicado...