An accessory digastric abductor pollicis longus muscle: report of a case

During routine dissection, a variant musclehad a proximal fleshy belly arising from theupper part of the posterior surface of theradius, an intermediate tendon and a distalfleshy belly that joined the abductor pollicisbrevis muscle. A branch from the posteriorinterosseous nerve innervated the proximalbelly and the median nerve innervated the distalbelly. It was adjacent to the abductor pollicislongus muscle. It was a digastric musclethat can be called the ‘accessory digastricabductor pollicis longus muscle’. The tendonof the palmaris longus muscle divided intotwo. One tendon joined the flexor retinaculumand the other tendon attached to theabductor pollicis brevis muscle. This slip towhich the abductor pollicis brevis attachedcrossed over the median nerve. The two belliesof the variant muscle, which were supplied bythe nerves of the flexor and extensor compartmentsof the forearm, had developed fromextensor and flexor muscles and were connectedby an intermediate tendon. Although asimilar muscle has been mentioned previously,here we report this variant muscle with anerve supply and a new name for the first timein the Southern Indian population. This accessorymuscle may be associated with joint andneural symptoms (AU)

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Distribution of zinc iodide-osmium positive dendritic cells in the human appendix

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cellsfound in almost every type of tissue, includinglymphatic tissue, blood and skin. In the intestinaltract, these cells are likely to play a pivotalrole in the initiation and regulation of immuneresponses. Our earlier study of the human colonand ileum revealed the presence of zinc iodideosmium-positive dendritic cells. In the presentstudy we demonstrate the presence of ZIO-positivedendritic cells in the human appendix.ZIO-positive cells were seen in the region ofcrypts of Lieberkühn as well as in the surfaceepithelium. The cells showed a single longprocess directed towards the lumen. They werelong, slender, and triangular. In the region ofthe lymphoid follicle, two different types ofdendritic cells were noted. The follicular dendriticcells present in the germinal center werefew in number, larger in size and with thickdendritic processes. However, in the mantlezone typical dendritic cells were seen. Theywere smaller in size and had many thin processes.The distribution of dendritic cells in thehuman appendix confirms the role of theappendix in the immune response (AU)

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Supernumerary cleidocervicalis (levator claviculae) muscle: case report of its rare incidence with clinical and embryological significance

During routine dissection by medical students atthe Department of Anatomy of the posteriortriangle of the neck of a South Indian muscularmale cadaver, aged 67 years, a variant of the raresupernumerary cleidocervicalis muscle wasfound bilaterally. This muscle arose from thetransverse processes of the atlas and axis. It terminatedby inserting into the posterior aspect ofthe lateral third of the clavicle, merging with theanterior fibres of the trapezius muscle. It wasinnervated by branches from the second, third,and fourth cervical nerves. No variation wasnoted in the other muscles in this region. Thepresent report addresses another variant of thecleidocervicalis muscle with a combination oforigin, insertion, and nerve supply different frommost previous reports. The aim of the presentcase report is to highlight its clinical significanceto physicians, surgeons, and radiologists in orderto differentiate it from other soft tissue lesions,together with its embryological significance toanatomists (AU)

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Dendritic cells in the human ileum: A light microscopic zinc iodide-osmium study

The presence of dendritic cells in human and animal epithelium and subepithelial tissue is demonstrated. The present study used human ileal specimens, resected for carcinoma, and revealed zinc iodide-osmium positive dendritic cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn and throughout the lamina propria. There were more cells in the lamina propria than in the crypts. Dendritic cells were polygonal with multiple short, thick processes in the lamina propria and were triangular, often with a single long process directed toward the crypt lumen, in the crypts. The cells did not have a typical, mature phenotype (AU)

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Two anatomical variations associated with potential vascular entrapment in the upper limb / Dos variaciones anatómicas asociadas con potencial atrapamiento vascular en la extremidad superior

During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a South Indian male, aged 56, at this department, a supracondylar process was found, from which a fibrous arch extended to the medial intermuscular septum. A triple-headed pronator teres muscle arose by a narrow head from a supracondylar process, a bulky head from a fibrous arch, the medial intermuscular septum, and the medial supracondylar ridge of the humerus, and the other head from the coronoid process of the ulna. The brachial artery and median nerve crossed behind the supracondylar process and fibrous arch, enclosed in a supratrochlear foramen, reached the front of the elbow, and passed through the pronator teres between its bulky and coronoid heads. The cubital fossa was absent. The brachial artery divided into the radial, common interosseous, and ulnar arteries. The median artery was enlarged, arose from the anterior interosseous artery, and passed through the carpal tunnel. The superficial palmar arch was incomplete. Digital arteries from the ulnar artery supplied the medial three and a half fingers and those from the median artery supplied the lateral one and a half fingers. A phylogenetic, clinical and embryological interest of the anatomical variations in the case is presented (AU)

Durante la disección rutinaria en un hombre del sur de la India, de 56 años de edad, se encontró un proceso supracondíleo del que se extendía un arco fibroso hacia el septum intermuscular medial. El músculo pronador redondo, con tres cabezas, se originaba por una cabeza estrecha desde el proceso supracondíleo, una cabeza abultada desde un arco fibroso, el septum intermuscular medial y la cresta medial supracondílea del húmero, y la otra cabeza desde el proceso coronoideo del cúbito. La arteria braquial y el nervio mediano cruzaban por detrás del proceso supracondíleo y el arco fibroso, incluidos en un agujero supratroclear llegando a la parte anterior del codo, y pasaron a través del pronador redondo entre sus cabezas abultada y coronoidea. La fosa cubital estaba ausente. La arteria braquial se dividía en las arterias radial, interósea común y cubital. La arteria mediana era alargada, originándose desde la arteria interósea anterior y pasó a través del túnel del carpo. El arco arterial palmar superficial era incompleto. Las arterias digitales de la arteria cubital irrigaban los tres dedos y medio mediales y las de la arteria mediana irrigaban el dedo y medio lateral. El caso presenta un interés filogenético, clínico y embriológico por estas variaciones anatómicas (AU)

An aberrant independent origin of the serratus anterior pedicle: Case report

During routine dissection of the right upper limb in a male cadaver by the medical students in the department, an unusual artery was found on the side of the chest wall. The anomalous, aberrant artery was the first branch from the first part of the axillary artery. It crossed deep to the superior thoracic and lateral thoracic arteries, passed in front of the subscapular artery on the serratus anterior muscle and terminated, distributing that muscle, opposite the 8th intercostal space. There are known vascular anatomical variations in the supply to the serratus anterior. Due to serratus anterior or serrato-costal flap reconstructive surgery, an anomalous and aberrant vascular pedicle to the serratus anterior muscle is of interest to anatomists, surgeons, reconstructive surgeons and radiologists (AU)

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Gross morphology and ultrastructure of dendritic cells in the normal human decidua.

Five normal placentae of normal pregnancy and delivery were used to study the gross morphology and ultrastructure of the dendritic cells in the normal human decidua. Zinc iodide osmium (ZIO) mixture was prepared. Small pieces of the placenta were processed for light microscopy and electron microscopy. For light microscopy, the small pieces of placenta were incubated in 20 mM PBS-EDTA solution, ph 7.4 at 37 degrees C to detach the basal plate. The basal plate pieces were incubated in ZIO. A wholemount preparation of the basal plate demonstrated the whole profile and gross morphology of the dendritic cell. For electron microscopy, the placenta pieces were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, ph 7.4, washed with phosphate buffer, put in ZIO mixture, washed in distilled water, dehydrated in graded ethanol, cleared in propylene oxide, and embedded in resin. Ultra thin sections of the ZIO blocks were cut using a diamond knife and stained with lead citrate. Ultrastructure of the dendritic cell presented multiple cytoplasmic processes, lobulated or round or oval, heterochromatic or euchromatic nucleus, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and pieces of rough endoplasmic reticulum, but no Birbeck granules.

Quantitative analysis of CD1a (T6) positive Langerhans cells in human tonsil epithelium.

Fifty-one human palatine tonsils of both sexes and 4-54 years of age were studied for quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells in the epithelium using CD1a (T6), which is a specific immunological marker for Langerhans cells and indeterminate cells. Cryo-sections were stained using the avidin biotin peroxidase method. Using light microscopy, CD1a-positive dark brown cells with dendritic processes were identified as Langerhans cells, which were located in the epithelium, subepithelial tissue, follicles and interfollicular areas. The Langerhans cells were counted only in the tonsil epithelium per zone of 1.1 mm length of basement membrane. For each biopsy, 25 such zones were studied. The mean number (SEM) of Langerhans cells per zone of tonsil epithelium was found to be 37 (+/- 0.5). In the male, it was 36 (+/- 0.7) but in the female, it was 38 (+/- 0.2). In different age subgroups, the mean number (SEM) varied between 40 (+/- 1.7) and 14 (+/- 1.1). In the age subgroups of 11-15, 16-20, and 21-25 years, the mean number showed significant sex differences. Since the 11-15, 16-20, and 21-25 age subgroups in the female showed an increased number of Langerhans cells, it is concluded that the immunological role of the palatine tonsils is increased during puberty and adolescence. In the female, there was a negative correlation (r = -0.196, p < 0.01) between age subgroups and mean numbers, but in the male there was no correlation (r = 0.008). Overall, in all the 51 biopsies together, there was a negative correlation (r = -0.017, p < 0.01) and significant (p < 0.001) sex and age differences.

Handedness identification from intertubercular sulcus of the humerus by discriminant function analysis.

The accurate determination of skeletal handedness is a critical requirement in physical anthropology and forensic science. To differentiate handedness, discriminant function analysis is applied using the parameters of right and left intertubercular sulci. A total of 200 matched unpaired adult humeri (100 right and 100 left), collected from the Department of Anatomy, were used to measure four parameters of the intertubercular sulcus namely, width (X1), depth (X2), angle of medial wall (X3) and angle of lateral wall (X4) and to note the presence of supratubercular ridge of Meyer (X5). The discriminant function obtained with the significant variables, angle of medial wall (X3), angle of lateral wall (X4) and presence of the supratubercular Meyer (X5) is: Y = 0.093X3 + 0.056X4 + 0.775X5 - 13.46. The accuracy of correct classification using the discriminant function is 89% which is the best starting point for handedness determination approach. The methodology of using discriminant function can be crucial for medicolegal jurisprudence.

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus as an indicator of handedness and humeral length.

Measurements of the maximum width and depth of the intertubercular sulcus (ITS), angles of the medial and lateral walls with the floor of the ITS, as well as the length of the humerus in 100 right and 100 left matched, unpaired dry humeri of 100 adults were statistically analyzed. Since 90-95% of the general population is right handed, on the basis of altered size of the dimensions of the right ITS relative to the left, it is proposed that greater width and smaller angles of the medial and lateral walls of the ITS of one side are indicative of handedness on that side. Handedness can further be deduced by the presence of a < 50 degrees angle of the medial wall and of a supratubercular ridge of Meyer on that side. The length of the humerus correlated with the width and depth of the ITS (P < 0.001). Regression equations of the length of the humerus on width, depth, as well as width and depth of the ITS have been derived.

Ultrastructural specialization of intestinal epithelium over Peyer's patches in the bonnet monkey, Macaca radiata.

The follicle associated epithelium (FAE) which separates the lymphoid follicle of Peyer's patch from the gut lumen is known to have specialized cells called M cells or "microfold" cells in man and certain animals. These cells are considered to be involved in antigen uptake and transport. Our light microscopic study of the small intestine of bonnet monkeys suggested the presence of such specialised cells in FAE. We have confirmed the presence of M cells in bonnet monkey FAE having ultrastructural features very similar to those of human M cells.

Variations in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus related to handedness.

Measurements of the maximum width and depth of the intertubercular sulcus (ITS) and the angles formed by the medial and lateral walls of the ITS with the plane of its floor were recorded in 200 adult human humeri, 100 each from the right and left sides. The ITS was more often wider and its medial wall formed a more acute angle with the plane of its floor in right-sided humeri. A supratubercular ridge on the humerus was present more frequently on the right than on the left. The presence of this ridge is probably more necessary on the right to prevent medial displacement of the long head of the biceps tendon from the ITS. The greater thrust exerted by the taut tendon of the long head of the biceps in the upper limb that is used preferentially probably induces structural differences in the ITS.