Impact of involvement in mental health professional education on patient educators: a qualitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Patient involvement in mental health professional education is required by policy but lacks a robust evidence base. The impact of involvement in education on patients with mental health conditions may differ from that of patients with other conditions. This study aims to review the impact of involvement in mental health professional education on the patients with mental health conditions involved. SETTING: Electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed, AMED, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Emcare, BNI, HMIC and CINAHL were systematically searched to find articles reporting on health professional teaching interventions involving patients with mental health conditions and the psychological, social or physical impact of involvement. The search took place in August 2023. RESULTS: Findings from 20 articles were amalgamated into four synthesised findings: (1) Impact of general involvement (2) impact of making a difference through teaching, (3) impact of new relationships and (4) impact of talking about experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Patient involvement in mental health professional education can be beneficial for patients with mental health conditions when their experiences are respected and valued as expertise by students and academic staff. The experiences of patient educators in the mental health field are unique in that teaching activities interact with their mental health. Future research should evaluate patient involvement in the mental health field separately and report research findings according to reporting guidelines. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020224907.

Evidence for the proximity of the extreme N-terminus of the neurokinin-2 (NK2) tachykinin receptor to Cys167 in the putative fourth transmembrane helix.

Neurokinin-2 receptor (NK(2)R) binding of [(3)H]-SR48968, a piperidinyl antagonist, is inhibited by methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. By the systematic alanine replacement of putative loop and transmembrane region cysteine residues (Cys(4), Cys(81), Cys(167), Cys(262), Cys(281), Cys(308), and Cys(309)), we have determined that MTSEA perturbs [(3)H]-SR48968 binding by modifying Cys(167) in transmembrane helix 4. Data were substantiated using glycine, serine, and threonine substitutions of Cys(167). MTSEA preferentially modifies cysteine residues that are in proximity to a negatively charged environment. Hence, aspartate and glutamate residues were systematically substituted with leucine or valine, respectively, and the inhibitory effects of MTSEA on [(3)H]-SR48968 binding were reevaluated to determine those acidic residues close to the MTSEA binding crevice. Most significantly, substitution of Asp(5) in the receptor's extreme N-terminus abolished the effects of MTSEA on [(3)H]-SR48968 binding. Therefore, our data would suggest close association of the extreme N-terminus with the extracellular surfaces of helices 4 and 3 in the NK(2)R in forming a binding crevice for MTSEA. The inhibition of SR48968 binding appears to result from loss of the SR48968 binding conformation of Gln(166) induced by MTSEA when it is coupled to Cys(167). Hence, it is proposed that there is mutually exclusive hydrogen bonding of SR48968 and MTSEA to Gln(166).