Physiological Constants of the Entomopathogenic Bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila Determined by Microbial Growth Kinetics.

Xenorhabdus nematophila, an entomopathogenic bacterium that symbiotically associates with the entomoparasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, was studied to determine its physiological parameters of glucose utilization. X. nematophila was cultured in chemically defined media containing various concentrations of glucose under optimal conditions utilizing a two-liter fermentation system. Specific growth rates were obtained from each glucose batch. Specific growth rates and their associated glucose concentrations were used to determine physiological parameters. These parameters include the bacterium's substrate utilization constant (K s ) and its maximum specific growth rate (µ max). The bacteria exhibited a K s value of 2.02 mg/L suggesting that X. nematophila has a high affinity for glucose. The µ max of Xenorhabdus was determined to be 1.03 h(-1). Further research is needed to determine if microbial affinities to different substrates have any influence on biological relationships (symbiosis, pathogenicity, parasitism, etc.) between prokaryotes and higher organisms.

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens.

Entomoparasitic nematodes (EPNs) are being commercialized as a biocontrol measure for crop insect pests, as they provide advantages over common chemical insecticides. Mass production of these nematodes in liquid media has become a major challenge for commercialization. Producers are not willing to share the trade secrets of mass production and by doing so, have made culturing EPNs extremely difficult to advance existing technologies. Theoretically, mass production in liquid media is an ideal culturing method as it increases cost efficiency and nematode quantity. This paper will review current culturing methodologies and suggest basic culturing parameters for mass production. This review is focused on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; however, this information can be useful for other nematode species.

Effect of heat sterilization on the bioactivity of antibacterial metabolites secreted by Xenorhabdus nematophila.

Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila are entomopathogenic bacterial symbionts of beneficial nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae, respectively. These bacterial symbionts are known to secrete an array of toxins, enzymes and antimicrobials that kill, bioconvert and protect the insect host for optimal nematode growth and reproduction. The present study explores heat stability of antibacterial metabolites secreted by X. nematophila. Permeate of a liquid X. nematophila culture was subjected to various sterilization treatments to observe the effects of heat sterilization on antibacterial activity. Activity was measured as bacterial sensitivity which is assayed utilizing a modified-version of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results demonstrate that X. nematophila produces both heat-labile and heat-stabile antibacterials that are effective against different species of bacteria. Results also indicated that heat-stabile components are more active than heat-labile components. The discovery of an environmental organism that produces both heat-stabile and heat-labile antibacterials can be exploited to manufacture these compounds for potential medical applications for human and animal use.