Pseudoaneurisma ventricular izquierdo durante valvuloplastia aórtica neonatal / Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm during neonatal aortic valvuloplasty

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Miocarditis y síndrome coronario agudo en la infancia / Myocarditis and acute coronary syndrome in childhood

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[Primary cardiac tumours in infancy]. / Tumores cardíacos primarios en la infancia.

INTRODUCTION: Primary cardiac tumours are very rare in the paediatric age, their incidence varies from 0.0017 % to 0.28 %. More than 90 % are benign in nature. The most common variety is the rhabdomyoma, present in over 60 % of cases with tuberous sclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records with a diagnosis of primary cardiac tumor between March 1977 and March 2007, finding a total of 27 patients. RESULTS: The age of initial diagnosis is more prevalent in the neonatal period, beginning with the discovery of a heart murmur (11 cases). There was no difference in gender distribution. In 14 patients were found cardiomegaly on chest radiograph. According to the echocardiography characteristics there were diagnosed 20 rhabdomyomas, 2 fibromas, 2 pericardial teratomas and 3 non classifiable tumours. Most were located in the left ventricle. Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization was also performed in 3 cases and angioresonance in 5 cases. During their evolution, episodes of arrhythmias were observed in 11 patients, 5 patients required some sort of surgical procedure, which confirmed the histopathology diagnosis. In 3 patients the initial cause of death was cardiological. The 75 % of cases with rhabdomyomas presented or developed tuberous sclerosis. In most of the rhabdomyomas (13 cases), there was a spontaneous regression. CONCLUSIONS: Firstly, there is shown to be a low prevalence of this disorder in children. Rhabdomyoma is the most common primary cardiac tumour in our study and it was associated in 75 % of cases with tuberous sclerosis. The diagnosis is more common in the early neonatal period after auscultation of a cardiac murmur and echocardiography, the diagnostic technique of choice, other imaging techniques, such as angioMRI not being of much for diagnosis in children. The emergence of foetal echocardiography allows early detection. The course is benign in most tumours, rhabdomyomas tending to regress spontaneously. It must be monitored as the occurrence of arrhythmias during its evolution will require medical treatment. Surgery is needed in cases with severe symptoms, due to obstruction in the ventricular output tracts. One option is the surgical cardiac transplant in non-resectable life-threatening tumours.

Tumores cardíacos primarios en la infancia / Primary cardiac tumours in infancy

Introducción: Los tumores cardíacos primarios son muy poco frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, y su incidencia varía entre el 0,0017 y el 0,28 %. Más del 90 % son de naturaleza benigna. La variedad más frecuente es el rabdomioma, asociado en más del 60 % de los casos con esclerosis tuberosa. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de historias clínicas con diagnóstico de tumor cardíaco primario entre marzo de 1977 y marzo de 2007, y se encontró a un total de 27 pacientes. Resultados: La edad de diagnóstico inicial es más frecuente en el período neonatal, a partir del hallazgo de un soplo cardíaco (11 casos). No hubo diferencias en la distribución por sexos. En 14 pacientes se encontró cardiomegalia en la radiografía de tórax. De acuerdo con las características ecocardiográficas, se diagnosticaron 20 rabdomiomas, 2 fibromas, 2 teratomas pericárdicos y 3 tumores no clasificables. La mayor parte se localizaron en el ventrículo izquierdo. Además de la ecocardiografía, se realizó cateterismo cardíaco en 3 casos y angiorresonancia en 5 casos. Durante su evolución se constataron episodios de arritmias en 11 pacientes. En 5 se requirió algún tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico, en los que se obtuvo el diagnóstico anatomopatológico. La mortalidad inicial de causa cardiológica fue de 3 pacientes. El 75 % de casos con rabdomiomas presentaba o desarrolló esclerosis tuberosa. En la mayoría de los rabdomiomas (13 casos) se produjo regresión espontánea. Conclusiones: En primer lugar, se evidencia la baja prevalencia de esta patología en la infancia. El rabdomioma es el tumor cardíaco primario más frecuente y en nuestro estudio se asoció en el 75 % de los casos a esclerosis tuberosa. El diagnóstico es más frecuente en el período neonatal precoz tras la auscultación de un soplo cardíaco y la ecocardiografía, la técnica diagnóstica de elección, mientras que no se ha encontrado utilidad de otras técnicas de imagen, como la angiorresonancia, para su diagnóstico en la población infantil. La aparición de la ecocardiografía fetal permite descubrirlos precozmente. El curso es benigno en la mayoría de los tumores, con tendencia a la regresión espontánea en los rabdomiomas. Debe vigilarse la aparición de arritmias durante su evolución, que precisará tratamiento médico. La cirugía es necesaria en los casos con síntomas graves, debidos a obstrucción en los tractos de salida ventricular. Una opción quirúrgica es el transplante cardíaco en caso de tumores irresecables con riesgo vital (AU)

Introduction: Primary cardiac tumours are very rare in the paediatric age, their incidence varies from 0.0017 % to 0.28 %. More than 90 % are benign in nature. The most common variety is the rhabdomyoma, present in over 60 % of cases with tuberous sclerosis. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records with a diagnosis of primary cardiac tumor between March 1977 and March 2007, finding a total of 27 patients. Results: The age of initial diagnosis is more prevalent in the neonatal period, beginning with the discovery of a heart murmur (11 cases). There was no difference in gender distribution. In 14 patients were found cardiomegaly on chest radiograph. According to the echocardiography characteristics there were diagnosed 20 rhabdomyomas, 2 fibromas, 2 pericardial teratomas and 3 non classifiable tumours. Most were located in the left ventricle. Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization was also performed in 3 cases and angioresonance in 5 cases. During their evolution, episodes of arrhythmias were observed in 11 patients, 5 patients required some sort of surgical procedure, which confirmed the histopathology diagnosis. In 3 patients the initial cause of death was cardiological. The 75 % of cases with rhabdomyomas presented or developed tuberous sclerosis. In most of the rhabdomyomas (13 cases), there was a spontaneous regression. Conclusions: Firstly, there is shown to be a low prevalence of this disorder in children. Rhabdomyoma is the most common primary cardiac tumour in our study and it was associated in 75 % of cases with tuberous sclerosis. The diagnosis is more common in the early neonatal period after auscultation of a cardiac murmur and echocardiography, the diagnostic technique of choice, other imaging techniques, such as angioMRI not being of much for diagnosis in children. The emergence of foetal echocardiography allows early detection. The course is benign in most tumours, rhabdomyomas tending to regress spontaneously. It must be monitored as the occurrence of arrhythmias during its evolution will require medical treatment. Surgery is needed in cases with severe symptoms, due to obstruction in the ventricular output tracts. One option is the surgical cardiac transplant in non-resectable life-threatening tumours (AU)

Endocarditis neumocócica: revisión a propósito de un caso y nueva pauta de tratamiento asociada a fosfomicina / Pneumococcal endocarditis: report of a case involving a novel treatment with association of fosfomycin and a review of the literature

Se presenta un interesante caso de endocarditis bacteriana en un varón de 12 años de edad, que asociaba como patología de base una comunicación interventricular membranosa, que presentó buena respuesta al tratamiento asociado con penicilina en altas dosis, gentamicina y fosfomicina. Se adjunta una revisión bibliográfica acerca de los distintos tratamientos antibióticos descritos, incluidas las pautas menos habituales. Se incluye en la discusión una extensa explicación de la asociación al tratamiento antibiótico de fosfomicina

The authors present an interesting case of bacterial endocarditis in a 12 year-old boy, the underlying cause of which was a membranous ventricular septal defect. The infection responded well to treatment with high-dose penicillin, in combination with gentamycin and fosfomycin. A review of the literature dealing with the different types of antibiotic therapy, including less conventional approaches, is provided, and the reasons for administering combination treatment involving fosfomycin are explained in detail

Revisión de las técnicas de imagen en cardiología pediátrica. Un enfoque actualizado / Review of the imaging techniques in pediatric cardiology. An update approach

La cardiología pediátrica ha experimentado recientementegrandes avances en los campos dediagnóstico y tratamiento. Para planificar el tratamientoy la cirugía de las malformaciones cardiacascongénitas es esencial el conocimiento detallado desu anatomía y hemodinámica. Durante mucho tiempoel cateterismo cardiaco y la angiografía han sidolos únicos métodos para obtener dicha información.En los últimos 20 años se han desarrollado multitudde nuevos métodos de diagnóstico no invasivos. Elobjetivo de este artículo es describir la utilidad diagnósticade estas técnicas en la cardiología pediátrica

Pediatric cardiology has recently experienced highadvances in the diagnostic and therapeutical fields.To plan the treatment and surgery of congenital heartmalformations is essential a detailed knowledgeof anatomy and hemodynamics. For many years heartcatheterization and angiocardiography have beenthe only methods of obtaining this information. Duringthe past 20 years several non-invasive diagnosticmethods have been developed. This article aimsto describe the diagnostic utility of this tecniques inpediatric cardiology