Facial reconstruction using 3-D computerized method: A scoping review of Methods, current Status, and future developments.

Facial reconstruction (otherwise known as facial approximation) is an alternative method that has been widely accepted in forensic anthropological and archaeological circumstances. This method is considered useful for creating the virtual face of a person based on skull remain. Three-dimensional (3-D) traditional facial reconstruction (known as sculpture or manual method) has been recognized for more than a century; however, it was declared to be subjective and required anthropological training. Until recently, with the progression of computational technologies, many studies attempted to develop a more appropriate method, so-called the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction. This method also relied on anatomical knowledge of the face-skull relationship, divided into semi- and automated based computational method. The 3-D computerized facial reconstruction makes it more rapid, more flexible, and more realistic to generate multiple representations of faces. Moreover, new tools and technology are continuously generating fascinating and sound research as well as encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration. This has led to a paradigm shift in the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction to a new finding and new technique based on artificial intelligence in academia. Based on the last 10-years scientific-published documents, this article aims to explain the overview of the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction and progression as well as an issue relating to future directions to encourage further improvement.

A comparison of effectiveness of sex estimation from the calcaneus and talus in a Thai population / Comparación de la efectividad de la estimación del sexo a partir del calcáneo y el talus en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: Sex estimation is an important aspect of skeletal identification. In addition, previous studies have found that the sex estimation of each race is different. Thus, it is necessary to develop discriminant function equations for the estimation of sex for the Thai population. This study aims to investigate the relationship between width, length and height of the calcaneus and talus with regards to sex and compare the effectiveness of sex estimation between the calcaneus alone, the talus alone, and between both the calcaneus and talus. A total of 200 individuals (100 males and 100 females) were used in this study; ages ranged from 19 to 94 years. Thirteen variables of calcaneus and ten variables of talus were measured. The authors created discriminant function equations for the estimation of sex and tested the efficiency of the equations obtained by using a test group of 40 individuals (20 males and 20 females). By analyzing the mean values of the variables in the calcaneus and the talus, it was shown that males were significantly different from females (p0.05). A stepwise method was used to create 6 equations for sex estimation. The equations were categorized from between the calcaneus alone, the talus alone, and between both the calcaneus and the talus, providing a sex estimation accuracy of between 88.5 and 93.0 %. Using the test group, it was shown that discriminant function equations from the calcaneus alone, the talus alone, and the calcaneus and the talus together, can estimate sex at a high level of accuracy. Sex estimation accuracy was greater than 85 % in all equations. Therefore, the discriminant function equations from the calcaneus alone, the talus alone, and between both the calcaneus and the talus, from this study can be applied to the Thai population.

La estimación del sexo es un aspecto importante de la identificación esquelética. Estudios previos han encontrado que la estimación del sexo de cada raza es diferente. Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar ecuaciones de funciones discriminantes para la estimación del sexo de la población tailandesa. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre el ancho, el largo y la altura de los huesos calcáneo y talus con respecto al sexo y comparar la efectividad de la estimación del sexo entre el calcáneo solo, el talus solo y entre el calcáneo y el talus. Se utilizaron un total de 200 huesos de individuos adultos (100 hombres y 100 mujeres), cuyas edades oscilaron entre 19 y 94 años. Se midieron trece variables del calcáneo y diez variables del talus. Los autores crearon ecuaciones de funciones discriminantes para la estimación del sexo y probaron la eficiencia de ellas usando un grupo de prueba de huesos de 40 individuos (20 hombres y 20 mujeres). Al analizar los valores medios de las variables en el calcáneo y el talus, se demostró que los huesos de los hombres eran significativamente diferentes al de las mujeres (p0.05). Se utilizó un método paso a paso para crear 6 ecuaciones para la estimación del sexo. Las ecuaciones se clasificaron entre el calcáneo solo, el talus solo y entre el calcáneo y el talus, lo que proporcionó una precisión de estimación del sexo de entre 88,5 y 93,0 %. Usando el grupo de prueba, se demostró que las ecuaciones de funciones discriminantes del calcáneo solo, el talus solo y el calcáneo y el talus juntos pueden estimar el sexo con un alto nivel de precisión. La precisión de la estimación del sexo fue superior al 85 % en todas las ecuaciones. Por lo tanto, las ecuaciones de la función discriminante del calcáneo solo, el talus solo y entre el calcáneo y el talus de este estudio se pueden aplicar a la población tailandesa.

Anatomical landmarks for locations and boundary of distal tarsal tunnel at medial side of ankle with clinical implication / Puntos de referencia anatómicos para ubicaciones y límites del túnel tarsiano distal en el lado medial del tobillo con implicación clínica

SUMMARY: The tarsal tunnel (TT) is an osteofibrous tunnel that separates into proximal and distal tarsal tunnels. The most common nerve entrapment which involved tarsal tunnel was tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) which divided into proximal TTS and distal TTS because they had different compression areas and symptoms. We were interested in distal TT because this structure had limited studies. Therefore, we studied anatomical landmarks of locations and boundary of distal TT. We studied forty legs from fresh frozen cadavers and used two reference lines: Malleolar-calcaneal (MC) and navicular-calcaneal (NC) axes. The locations of the distal tarsal tunnel were defined by 10 located points and were recorded in X-coordinate and Y-coordinate. The lengths of boundary of the tarsal tunnel were measured from one point to the other. These results were reported as mean±SD. We found that the distal TT located deep to abductor hallucis (AbH) muscle. Medial wall of distal TT had two layers such as deep fascia of AbH muscle and deep thin layer. It showed the trapezoidal shape and was divided into two tunnels by the septum. The information of the location and boundary of the distal TT could improve knowledge and understanding of clinicians and anatomists. Additionally, this information could help surgeons improve their treatments, especially tarsal tunnel release.

RESUMEN: El túnel tarsiano (TT) es un túnel osteofibroso que se divide en túneles tarsianos proximal y distal. El atrapamiento nervioso más común del túnel tarsiano es el síndrome del túnel tarsiano (TTS), el cual se divide en TTS proximal y TTS distal debido a diferentes áreas de compresión. En este trabajo se estudiaron los puntos de referencia anatómicos de las ubicaciones y los límites del TT distal. Estudiamos cuarenta piezas de cadáveres frescos congelados y utilizamos dos líneas de referencia: ejes maleolar-calcáneo (MC) y navicular-calcáneo (NC). Las ubicaciones del túnel tarsiano distal se definieron en 10 puntos y se registraron en coordenadas X e Y. Las longitudes de los límites del túnel tarsiano se midieron desde un punto a otro. Estos resultados se informaron como media ±DE. Encontramos que el TT distal se ubicaba profundo al músculo abductor del hállux (AbH). La pared medial del TT distal tenía dos capas, la fascia profunda del músculo AbH y una capa delgada profunda. Se observó la forma trapezoidal del túnel la que se encontraba dividida por el tabique en dos túneles. La información de la ubicación y el límite del TT distal podría mejorar el conocimiento de los médicos y anatomistas. Además, esta información podría ayudar a los cirujanos durante los tratamientos, especialmente la liberación del túnel tarsiano.

Anatomical study and branching point of neurovascular structures at the medial side of the ankle.

Nerve entrapment and blood circulation impairment associated with the medial side of the ankle are not uncommon. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomical basis of neurovascular structures of the medial ankle which comprised the number, origin, branching pattern, and branching point. Forty feet of fresh cadavers were examined by using 2 reference lines: the malleolar-calcaneal (MC) and navicular-calcaneal (NC) axes. We recorded number, origin, length of the 2 axes, the locations and widths of neurovascular structures on MC and NC axes, the branching point of neurovascular structures, and the branching pattern of neurovascular structures was recorded and was separated into 5 types. The posterior tibial nerve (PTN) bifurcated to plantar and calcaneal nerves and branched proximally to the tarsal tunnel (TT). The posterior tibial artery bifurcated to plantar and calcaneal arteries and branched inferiorly to PTN and within the TT. The calcaneal nerves and arteries had more variation of number and origin. The most common branching point of calcaneal nerves and arteries is within the TT, except the medial calcaneal nerve. It branched proximally to the TT. The anatomical knowledge from this study is important for the diagnosis and treatment of clinicians.

The attachment sites and attachment areas of deltoid ligament related to clinical implications: a cadaveric study / Los sitios y las áreas de inserción del ligamento deltoideo relacionadas con las implicaciones clínicas: un estudio cadavérico

Currently, the treatment for patients with deltoid ligament injuries who require surgical treatment are anatomical repair and reconstruction. The clinicians should understand the exact knowledge of attachment areas of individual bands of deltoid ligament for a successful treatment. We studied 46 ankles of fresh frozen cadavers. The individual bands of deltoid ligament were divided to small fibers. Afterwards, each small fiber of each band was cut and marked with acrylic color on the origin and insertion followed by photo taking. Lastly, the photos of individual origin and insertion were used to calculate the attachment areas. We found six bands of deltoid ligament in all ankles except tibionavicular ligament. Moreover, we discovered deep to tibiocalcaneal and posterior to sustentaculum tali ligaments in 3 cases. Regarding the attachment area, the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament had the largest proximal and distal attachment areas which were 87.36±23.15 mm2 and 88.88±24.24 mm2, respectively. The anterior tibiotalar ligament had the least proximal and distal attachment areas which were 23.12±8.25 mm2 and 33.16±14.63 mm2, respectively. Hence, the accuracy and exact areas of attachment of deltoid ligament are important as it can help clinicians to select the suitable treatments including injury prevention.

Actualmente, el tratamiento para pacientes con lesiones del ligamento colateral medial de la articulación talocrural (ligamento deltoideo), que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico es la reparación y reconstrucción anatómica. Los médicos, para un tratamiento exitoso, deben conocer exactactamente las áreas de inserción de las partes de ligamento deltoideo. Estudiamos 46 tobillos de cadáveres congelados frescos. Las bandas individuales del ligamento deltoideo se dividieron en fibras pequeñas. Posteriormente, cada pequeña fibra de cada banda se cortó y marcó con color acrílico en el origen y la inserción, seguido de la toma de fotografías. Por último, las fotos de origen e inserción individuales se utilizaron para calcular las áreas. Encontramos seis bandas de ligamento deltoides en todos los tobillos, excepto el ligamento tibionavicular. Además, descubrimos en profundidad hasta los ligamentos tibiocalcaneaos y posteriores al sustentaculum tali en 3 casos. Con respecto al área de inserciónn, la parte tibiotalar posterior profundamente tenía las áreas de inserción proximal y distal más largas, que eran 87.36 ± 23.15 mm2 y 88.88 ± 24.24 mm2, respectivamente. La parte tibiotalar anterior del ligamento deltoideo tpresentaba áreas de unión menos proximales y distales 23.12 ± 8.25 mm2 y 33.16 ± 14.63 mm2, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la precisión y las áreas exactas de inserción del ligamento deltoideo de la articulación talocrural son importantes, ya que pueden ayudar a los médicos a seleccionar los tratamientos adecuados, incluida la prevención de lesiones.