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1.
Vet Anim Sci ; 25: 100366, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38957741

RESUMO

Q fever is a zoonosis whose main reservoirs are domestic ruminants. Surveillance in these species is carried out mainly with serological tests, which, however, have limited diagnostic performance, and their manufacturing requires laboratories equipped with high biosafety requirements for antigen production. Recombinant ELISAs do not depend on these requirements and, being based on a single antigen, can reduce potential false positivity by identifying antibodies specific to a phase of infection. The aim of this study was to apply a new technology (dual antigen test) to a recombinant protein (Ybgf), an antigen produced in recombinant form and already used in previous studies for the design of an indirect ELISA. The successfully produced recombinant antigen was used to coat 96-well plates and, at the same time, another antigen aliquot was conjugated with HRP to obtain an HRP-conjugated Ybgf. After setting the test conditions, the results obtained with the recombinant double antigen test were compared with those obtained with a commercial assay (considered as reference assay) testing a total of 514 ruminant samples (280 goats and 234 cattle). A concordance of 86.2 and a Cohen's Kappa value of 0.72 were obtained, with no significant difference between the two species tested. Notably, the test proved to be highly specific, having correctly identified 250 out of 253 animals. This research represents an additional effort to use recombinant antigens to enhance serological methods in veterinary medicine. In a "one-health scenario", improving the performance of serological tests used in veterinary practice also means improving the surveillance of this infection.

2.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 183, 2024 May 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38720324

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Pigs are susceptible to several ruminant pathogens, including Coxiella burnetti, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). These pathogens have already been described in the pig population, although the dynamics of the infection and the impact on pig farms are currently unclear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of these infections in the pig population of the Campania region, southern Italy, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with a greater risk of exposure. RESULTS: A total of 414 serum samples belonging to 32 herds were tested for the presence of antibodies against SBV, Coxiella, and BVD using commercial multispecies ELISA kits. SBV (5.3%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Coxiella (4.1%) and BVD (3%). The risk factors included in the study (age, sex, province, farming system, ruminant density and major ruminant species) had no influence on the probability of being exposed to BVD and Coxiella, except for the location, in fact more pigs seropositive to Coxiella were found in the province of Caserta. However, the univariate analysis highlighted the influence of age, location, and sex on exposure to SBV. The subsequent multivariate analysis statistically confirmed the importance of these factors. The presence of neutralizing antibodies for SBV and BVDV, or antibodies directed towards a specific phase of infection for Coxiella was further confirmed with virus-neutralization assays and phase-specific ELISAs in a large proportion of positive samples. The presence of high neutralizing antibody titers (especially for SBV) could indicate recent exposures. Twelve of the 17 positive samples tested positive for antibodies against Coxiella phase I or II antigens, indicating the presence of both acute and chronic infections (one animal tested positive for both phases antibodies). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates a non-negligible exposure of pigs from southern Italy to the above pathogens. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the dynamics of these infections in pigs, the impact on productivity, and the public health consequences in the case of Coxiella.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Febre Q , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Itália/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos , Fatores de Risco , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Febre Q/epidemiologia , Febre Q/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Orthobunyavirus/imunologia , Orthobunyavirus/isolamento & purificação , Coxiella burnetii/imunologia , Coxiella burnetii/isolamento & purificação , Doença das Mucosas por Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Pseudorraiva/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária
3.
J Pept Sci ; 30(7): e3593, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38471710

RESUMO

In recent decades, the global rise of viral emerging infectious diseases has posed a substantial threat to both human and animal health worldwide. The rapid spread and accumulation of mutations into viruses, and the limited availability of antiviral drugs and vaccines, stress the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from natural sources present a promising avenue due to their specificity and effectiveness against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The present study focuses on investigating the antiviral potential of oreochromicin-1 (oreoch-1), a fish-derived AMP obtained from Nile tilapia, against a wide panel of animal viruses including canine distemper virus (CDV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Oreoch-1 exhibited a strong antiviral effect, demonstrating an inhibition of infection at concentrations in the micromolar range. The mechanism of action involves the interference with viral entry into host cells and a direct interaction between oreoch-1 and the viral envelope. In addition, we observed that the peptide could also interact with the cell during the CDV infection. These findings not only highlight the efficacy of oreoch-1 in inhibiting viral infection but also emphasize the potential of fish-derived peptides, specifically oreoch-1, as effective antiviral agents against viral infections affecting animals, whose potential to spill into humans is high. This research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing quest for novel antiviral drugs with the potential to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on a global scale.


Assuntos
Antivirais , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/química , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Chlorocebus aethiops , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos
4.
Sci Data ; 11(1): 220, 2024 Feb 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38374088

RESUMO

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious disorders in the world. To effectively TB manage, an essential step is to gain insight into the lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the distribution of drug resistance. Although the Campania region is declared a cluster area for the infection, to contribute to the effort to understand TB evolution and transmission, still poorly known, we have generated a dataset of 159 genomes of MTB strains, from Campania region collected during 2018-2021, obtained from the analysis of whole genome sequence. The results show that the most frequent MTB lineage is the 4 according for 129 strains (81.11%). Regarding drug resistance, 139 strains (87.4%) were classified as multi susceptible, while the remaining 20 (12.58%) showed drug resistance. Among the drug-resistance strains, 8 were isoniazid-resistant MTB, 4 multidrug-resistant MTB, while only one was classified as pre-extensively drug-resistant MTB. This dataset expands the existing available knowledge on drug resistance and evolution of MTB, contributing to further TB-related genomics studies to improve the management of this disease.


Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Humanos , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Isoniazida/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologia
5.
Infect Genet Evol ; 118: 105552, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38218390

RESUMO

The role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is of recognising intracellular and extracellular pathogens and of activating the immune response. This process can be compromised by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which might affect the activity of several TLRs. The aim of this study is of ascertaining whether SNPs in the TLR4 of Bubalus bubalis infected by Brucella abortus, compromise the protein functionality. For this purpose, a computational analysis was performed. Next, computational predictions were confirmed by performing genotyping analysis. Finally, NMR-based metabolomics analysis was performed to identify potential biomarkers for brucellosis. The results indicate two SNPs (c. 672 A > C and c. 902 G > C) as risk factor for brucellosis in Bubalus bubalis, and three metabolites (lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetate) as biological markers for predicting the risk of developing the disease. These metabolites, together with TLR4 structural modifications in the MD2 interaction domain, are a clear signature of the immune system alteration during diverse Gram-negative bacterial infections. This suggests the possibility to extend this study to other pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In conclusion, this study combines multidisciplinary approaches to evaluate the biological and structural effects of SNPs on protein function.


Assuntos
Brucelose , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Animais , Humanos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Búfalos/microbiologia , Brucelose/microbiologia , Brucella abortus , Biomarcadores
6.
Prev Vet Med ; 224: 106116, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38271923

RESUMO

There is sufficient evidence that both bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) and bubaline herpesvirus (BuHV-1) can overcome the species barrier represented by their respective hosts, cattle and buffalo. Although several studies have focused on the impact of BoHV-1 on buffalo, little is known about the impact of BuHV-1 on cattle. In this work, we evaluated the seroprevalence of BuHV-1 in the cattle population in an area where intensive buffalo farming is highly developed (Campania region, Italy). BuHV-1 seroprevalence of cattle sampled in this study was estimated to be 21.4% using a specific commercial ELISA for the detection of antibodies against glycoprotein E of the virus. Risk factor assessment by univariate analysis revealed a correlation between housing type and higher prevalence. Similarly, cattle housed with buffalo and adult animals had a higher likelihood of being seropositive. BoHV-1 vaccination did not prove to be a protective factor against BuHV-1 exposure. The role of age, grazing, and co-living with buffalo in influencing BuHV-1 exposure was also confirmed by multivariate analysis. All BuHV-1 positive animals were also tested with cross-serum neutralization aimed at evaluating the specific antibody titers against BoHV-1 and BuHV-1. We, therefore, assessed the potential cross-reaction between BoHV-1 and BuHV-1, the co-infection rate, and the agreement of the assays used. This study described the presence of BuHV-1 in the cattle population of the Campania region (Italy) and indicated the requirement to take BuHV-1 into consideration for any measures and control and/or eradication plans to be applied against BoHV-1.


Assuntos
Bison , Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Herpesviridae , Herpesviridae , Herpesvirus Bovino 1 , Animais , Bovinos , Infecções por Herpesviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Búfalos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antivirais
7.
Vet Res Commun ; 48(1): 579-584, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37682447

RESUMO

Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral infection that is notifiable in several countries and causes significant economic losses and major concerns for ruminant trade. In this study, we investigated bluetongue 1seroprevalence in the Campania region, southern Italy, in cattle and buffalo populations, and assessed which factors were correlated with a high risk of exposure. The infection was widespread, as evidenced by the high individual (43.6%) and herd prevalence (85.4%). The highest prevalence was found in adult animals. Among the climatic factors analyzed, average temperature played a prominent role, being capable of affecting the probability of being positive for this infection. Surprisingly, exposure to Schmallenberg virus did not predispose animals to be positive for bluetongue virus, even though these infections share the same vector (Culicoides). Our data, consistent with those in the literature, suggest the transversal spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean area, and indicate a limited co-exposure rate between Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses.


Assuntos
Vírus Bluetongue , Bluetongue , Doenças dos Ovinos , Ovinos , Animais , Bovinos , Búfalos , Bluetongue/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Itália/epidemiologia
8.
Virol J ; 20(1): 295, 2023 Dec 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38087282

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although FeHV-1 is a primary feline pathogen, little is known about its interactions with host cells. Its relationship with several cellular pathways has recently been described, whereas its interplay with the apoptotic process, unlike other herpesviruses, has not yet been clarified. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether FeHV-1 induces apoptosis in its permissive cells, as well as the pathway involved and the effects of induction and inhibition of apoptosis on viral replication. METHODS: Monolayers of CRFK cells were infected at different times with different viral doses. A cytofluorimetric approach allowed the quantification of cells in early and late apoptosis. All infections and related controls were also subjected to Western blot analysis to assess the expression of apoptotic markers (caspase 3-8-9, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NF-κB). An inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and an inducer (ionomycin) were used to evaluate the role of apoptosis in viral replication. Finally, the expression of autophagy markers during the apoptosis inhibition/induction and the expression of apoptosis markers during autophagy inhibition/induction were evaluated to highlight any crosstalk between the two pathways. RESULTS: FeHV-1 triggered apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 cleavage was evident 48 h after infection, indicating the completeness of the process at this stage. While caspase 8 was not involved, caspase 9 cleavage started 24 h post-infection. The expression of other mitochondrial damage markers also changed, suggesting that apoptosis was induced via the intrinsic pathway. NF- κB was up-regulated at 12 h, followed by a gradual decrease in levels up to 72 h. The effects of apoptosis inhibitors and inducers on viral replication and autophagy were also investigated. Inhibition of caspases resulted in an increase in viral glycoprotein expression, higher titers, and enhanced autophagy, whereas induction of apoptosis resulted in a decrease in viral protein expression, lower viral titer, and attenuated autophagy. On the other hand, the induction of autophagy reduced the cleavage of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we established how FeHV-1 induces the apoptotic process, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between FeHV-1 and this pathway.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Caspases , Gatos , Animais , Caspase 3 , Caspases/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Autofagia
9.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 35(6): 721-726, 2023 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37705242

RESUMO

The detection of Coxiella burnetii in ruminants remains challenging despite the use of new technology and the accumulation of novel knowledge. Serology tools, the primary methods of infection surveillance in veterinary medicine, have limitations. We used recombinant antigen production to develop an ELISA based on the SucB protein, one of the major immunodominant antigens described in humans and laboratory animals. We produced the antigen successfully in an Escherichia coli heterologous system, confirmed by sequencing and mass spectrometry, and seen as a band of ~50 kDa in SDS-PAGE and on western blot analysis. We compared the performance of the recombinant ELISA with a commercial ELISA. We observed agreement of 83.5% and a substantial Cohen κ value of 0.67 in our pilot study.


Assuntos
Coxiella burnetii , Febre Q , Humanos , Animais , Febre Q/diagnóstico , Febre Q/veterinária , Febre Q/epidemiologia , Coxiella , Projetos Piloto , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Ruminantes
10.
Viruses ; 15(9)2023 08 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37766211

RESUMO

Given the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), zoonoses have raised in the spotlight of the scientific community. Animals have a pivotal role not only for this infection, but also for many other recent emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, where they may represent both intermediate hosts and/or vectors for zoonoses diffusion. Today, roughly two-thirds of human infections are derived from animal origins; therefore, the search for new broad-spectrum antiviral molecules is mandatory to prevent, control and eradicate future epidemic outbreaks. Host defense peptides, derived from skin secretions of amphibians, appear as the right alternative to common antimicrobial drugs. They are cationic peptides with an amphipathic nature widely described as antibacterial agents, but less is reported about their antiviral potential. In the present study, we evaluated the activity of five amphibian peptides, namely RV-23, AR-23, Hylin-a1, Deserticolin-1 and Hylaseptin-P1, against a wide panel of enveloped animal viruses. A strong virucidal effect was observed for RV-23, AR-23 and Hylin-a1 against bovine and caprine herpesviruses, canine distemper virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and Schmallenberg virus. Our results identified these three peptides as potential antiviral-led candidates with a putative therapeutic effect against several animal viruses.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vírus , Animais , Humanos , Cabras , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia
11.
Front Vet Sci ; 10: 1174681, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37397000

RESUMO

FeHV-1 is a member of the Herpesviridae family that is distributed worldwide and causes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR). Since its relationship with the autophagic process has not yet been elucidated, the aim of this work was to evaluate the autophagy mediated by FeHV-1 and to determine its proviral or antiviral role. Our data showed that autophagy is induced by FeHV-1 in a viral dose and time-dependent manner. Phenotypic changes in LC3/p62 axis (increase of LC3-II and degradation of p62) were detected from 12 h post infection using western blot and immuno-fluorescence assays. In a second step, by using late autophagy inhibitors and inducers, the possible proviral role of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was investigating by assessing the effects of each chemical in terms of viral yield, cytotoxic effects, and expression of viral glycoproteins. Our findings suggest that late-stage autophagy inhibitors (bafilomycin and chloroquine) have a negative impact on viral replication. Interestingly, we observed an accumulation of gB, a viral protein, when cells were pretreated with bafilomycin, whereas the opposite effect was observed when an autophagy inducer was used. The importance of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was further supported by the results obtained with ATG5 siRNA. In summary, this study demonstrates FeHV-1-mediated autophagy induction, its proviral role, and the negative impact of late autophagy inhibitors on viral replication.

12.
BMC Vet Res ; 19(1): 95, 2023 Jul 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37507724

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a vector-borne pathogen that mainly affects ruminants. Schmallenberg disease has never been described in southern Italy, although this geographic area displays climatic features suitable for Culicoides biting midges, which transmit the pathogen. An observational study was carried out in the Campania region in 2020 to evaluate the seroprevalence in cattle and water buffalo as well as to identify the risk factors involved in the distribution of SBV. RESULTS: Relatively high seroprevalences of 38.2% (cattle) and 43% (water buffalo) were found by using a commercial SBV ELISA, which is comparable to the prevalence obtained in other countries under post-epidemic conditions. A virus neutralization assay performed on positive samples showed high titers in a large percentage of animals which is assumed to indicate recent exposure. Bivariate analysis of several variables revealed some environmental factors associated with higher seroprevalence, such as mean annual temperature, distance from the coast, and altitude. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed the statistical association only for mean annual temperature, that was found to be the main factor responsible for the distribution of the virus in southern Italy. In addition, molecular diagnosis attempts were performed on serum samples and resulted in the detection of SBV RNA in two herds and six animals. CONCLUSIONS: In this work we have demonstrated the circulation of SBV in southern Italy using both molecular and serological assays. This study emphasized the essential role of monitoring in preventing the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases in ruminants.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bunyaviridae , Doenças dos Bovinos , Ceratopogonidae , Orthobunyavirus , Viroses , Bovinos , Animais , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Búfalos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Anticorpos Antivirais , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária
13.
Animals (Basel) ; 13(5)2023 Feb 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36899629

RESUMO

Cattle and water buffalo are the main livestock species that are raised in the Campania region, southern Italy, and they contribute significantly to the regional rural economy. Currently there are limited data on the prevalence of relevant impact infections, such as bovine coronavirus (BCov), an RNA virus that causes acute enteric and respiratory disease. Although these diseases are described primarily in cattle, there have been reports of spillovers to other ruminants, including water buffalo. Here, we determined the seroprevalence of BCoV in cattle and water buffalo in the Campania region of southern Italy. An overall seroprevalence of 30.8% was determined after testing 720 sampled animals with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A risk factor analysis revealed that the seropositivity rates in cattle (49.2%) were higher than in water buffalo (5.3%). In addition, higher seroprevalence rates were observed in older and purchased animals. In cattle, housing type and location were not associated with higher seroprevalence. The presence of BCoV antibodies in water buffalo was associated with the practice of co-inhabiting with cattle, demonstrating that this practice is incorrect and promotes the transmission of pathogens between different species. Our study found a considerable seroprevalence, which is consistent with previous research from other countries. Our results provide information on the widespread distribution of this pathogen as well as the risk factors that are involved in its transmission. This information could be useful in the control and surveillance of this infection.

14.
Viruses ; 15(2)2023 01 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36851514

RESUMO

Porcine coronaviruses and reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are responsible for severe outbreaks that cause huge economic losses worldwide. In Italy, three coronaviruses have been reported historically: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Although repeated outbreaks have been described, especially in northern Italy, where intensive pig farming is common, there is a worrying lack of information on the spread of these pathogens in Europe. In this work, we determined the seroprevalence of three porcine coronaviruses and PRRSV in the Campania region, southern Italy. A total of 443 samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against porcine coronaviruses and PRRSV using four different commercial ELISAs. Our results indicated that PEDV is the most prevalent among porcine coronaviruses, followed by TGEV, and finally PRCV. PRRSV appeared to be the most prevalent virus (16.7%). For coronaviruses, seroprevalence was higher in pigs raised in intensive farming systems. In terms of distribution, TGEV is more widespread in the province of Avellino, while PEDV and PRRSV are more prevalent in the province of Naples, emphasizing the epidemic nature of both infections. Interestingly, TGEV-positive animals are more common among growers, while seropositivity for PEDV and PRRSV was higher in adults. Our research provides new insights into the spread of swine coronaviruses and PRRSV in southern Italy, as well as a warning about the need for viral surveillance.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Coronavirus Respiratório Porcino , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Vírus da Gastroenterite Transmissível , Animais , Suínos , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Itália/epidemiologia
15.
J Wildl Dis ; 58(4): 887-891, 2022 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36342369

RESUMO

The growing interest in porcine coronaviruses (CoVs) is due to both their negative effect on the swine industry and their propensity to mutate and overcome host barriers. Since information on CoVs in wild boar (Sus scrofa) is limited, especially in Italy, a serosurvey was conducted to assess the epidemiologic situation in the Campania region and to clarify the role of wild boar as reservoirs for enteric (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus [PEDV], transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV]) and respiratory (respiratory coronavirus [PRCV]) swine CoVs. During the 2016-17 hunting season, serum samples were collected from 444 wild boars and tested for antibodies to enteric (PEDV, TGEV) and respiratory (PRCV) porcine CoVs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest seroprevalence in wild boars was for PEDV, with a positivity of 3.83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05-5.6), whereas very low seroprevalences were found for TGEV and PRCV (0.67% positivity; 95% CI 0-1.44 in both cases). There was no statistical association between seropositivity to CoVs, sex, and location, whereas the prevalence of seropositive animals was positively correlated with young age (0-12 mo old). Our data confirm the presence of CoVs in wild boars in the Campania region. Our data are in agreement with the results of similar studies from other European countries, which attribute a minor role to wild boar in the transmission of these infections to domestic pigs. Our results suggest that continuous serologic surveys are necessary to monitor wild animals and detect emerging threats to livestock and humans.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Sus scrofa , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Europa (Continente) , Itália/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Vírus da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína , Vírus da Gastroenterite Transmissível , Coronavirus Respiratório Porcino , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia
16.
Pathogens ; 11(8)2022 Aug 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36015022

RESUMO

Due to its economic impact on livestock and its zoonotic effect, Q fever is a public and animal health problem. Information on this infection in Italy is presently supported by reports of reproductive problems in livestock farms and is, therefore, insufficient to properly understand the impact of the disease. This study aimed to describe for the first time the seroprevalence of Q fever in dairy cows and water buffalos in the Campania region (Southern Italy). A total of 424 dairy cattle and 214 water buffalo were tested using a commercial indirect ELISA kit. An overall seroprevalence of 11.7% confirmed the wide distribution of C. burnetii in this region. Several factors were positively associated with higher seroprevalence, such as species (higher in cattle than in water buffalo), age, and coexistence with other ruminant species. The final model of logistic regression included only age (older) and species (cattle), which were positively associated with the presence of Q fever antibodies. Our findings support the widespread presence of Coxiella burnettii in Campania and show a seroprevalence similar to that observed in previous studies in other Italian regions and European countries. Since human cases are typically linked to contact with infected ruminants, there is a need to improve surveillance for this infection.

17.
Animals (Basel) ; 12(11)2022 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35681922

RESUMO

Following the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak in Ariano Irpino, Campania region (Italy), we tested lactating cows for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on a cattle farm at which, prior to the investigation, 13 of the 20 farmworkers showed COVID-19-like symptoms, and one of them died. Twenty-four lactating cows were sampled to detect SARS-CoV-2. All nasal and rectal swabs and milk samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the 24 collected serum samples, 11 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, 14 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and 13 developed neutralising antibodies for SARS-COV-2; all samples were negative for Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), another betacoronavirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in lactating cows. We hypothesise that this may be a case of reverse zoonosis. However, the role of cattle in SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission seems to be negligible.

18.
Pathogens ; 11(6)2022 Jun 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35745511

RESUMO

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important opportunistic pathogen causing various infections in dogs. Furthermore, it is an emerging zoonotic agent and both multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) as well as methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains represent an important therapeutic challenge to veterinary medicine and pose a potential threat to human health. We tested representative S. pseudintermedius clinical strains from dogs suffering from otitis externa for their susceptibilities to a panel of 17 antimicrobials compared to DIBI. DIBI, unlike antibiotics, is a novel water-soluble hydroxypyridinone-containing iron-chelating agent that deprives microbes of growth-essential iron and has been previously shown to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We also characterised the strains according to whether they harbour key antibiotic resistance genes. The strains each displayed multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns; all were negative for the mecA gene and possessed the tetK and tetM genes, but they varied as to their possession of the ermB gene. However, all the isolates had similar susceptibility to DIBI with low MICs (2 µg/mL or 0.2 µM). Because the four MSSPs were equally susceptible to DIBI, subject to confirmation with additional strains, this could provide a potential non-antibiotic, anti-infective alternative approach for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant canine S. pseudintermedius otitis.

19.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 34(4): 646-653, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35610946

RESUMO

Q fever remains a One Health problem, posing a zoonotic threat and causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The advancement of detection tools is critical to the effective control of infection. In humans, laboratory investigations depend largely on the immunofluorescence assay, considered the gold standard. In contrast, serologic tools routinely used for veterinary screening have several gaps, resulting in interpretations that are frequently misleading. We investigated the potential application of recombinant Ybgf antigen (r-Ybgf), a periplasmic protein described as one of the most immunodominant antigens in humans, in an indirect ELISA. Following successful expression in the prokaryotic system and the preliminary evaluation of immunoreactivity in western blot, we used r-Ybgf to develop an in-house ELISA using serum samples from sheep, goats, and cattle, which were tested in parallel with an Idexx ELISA kit. The results obtained with the 2 tests were compared, and r-Ybgf performed favorably, with 81.8% sensitivity and 90.1% specificity and substantial agreement, as revealed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Moreover, we evaluated the serologic response against phase I (PhI) and phase II (PhII) antigens, and r-Ybgf antigen induced by vaccination, using phase-specific ELISAs. The dynamics of antibody response showed a significant increase in reactivity against PhI and PhII, but not against r-Ybgf, antigens. This property may be very useful given the absence of a protocol for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.


Assuntos
Coxiella burnetii , Doenças das Cabras , Febre Q , Animais , Bovinos , Coxiella , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Cabras , Febre Q/veterinária , Proteínas Recombinantes , Ruminantes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ovinos
20.
Viruses ; 14(5)2022 05 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35632848

RESUMO

Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses-as any other viruses-have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host's cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.


Assuntos
Paramyxovirinae , Vírus de RNA , Animais , Antivirais , Interferon gama , Interferons , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Vírus de RNA/genética , Replicação Viral
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