Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) extract improved hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and surfactant-associated protein alterations in rat lungs.

CONTEXT: Chard is used as an antidiabetic agent by the diabetic patients in Turkey. OBJECTIVE: The effect of chard extract [Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla (Chenopodiaceae)] on the antioxidant system and the expression of surfactant-associated proteins (SP) in the lungs of hyperglycemic rats were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hyperglycemia was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) provided intraperitoneally. Fourteen days after the rats were rendered hyperglycemic, the chard (2 g/kg/d), insulin (6 U/kg/d), and chard plus insulin (as mentioned above) were administered to rats for 45 d. On day 60, rats' lungs were removed. Oxidative stress parameters and SP expression were assayed. RESULTS: The lungs of hyperglycemic rats were characterized by the induced lipid and protein oxidation, elevated myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, decreased glutathione levels, and reduced tissue factor and antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase). Chard treatment alone and chard treatment combined with insulin were capable of achieving a regression of pulmonary oxidative stress, by inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation, and restoring the antioxidant system of hyperglycemic rats. SP-A expressions were significantly unchanged in all groups, whereas pro-SP-C and SP-D expressions were reduced in hyperglycemic rats. Pro-SP-C and SP-D levels were increased by chard and insulin administrations alone and combined in hyperglycemic rats. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: All treatments have a positive effect on the surfactant and antioxidant systems of the lungs of hyperglycemic rats. The best therapeutic effect was provided by treatment with chard extract alone in the compensation of hyperglycemic symptoms.

Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract ameliorates hyperglycemia by increasing GLUT2 through Akt2 and antioxidant defense in the liver of rats.

Chard is a plant used as an alternative hypoglycemic agent by diabetic people in Turkey. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular mechanism of hypoglycemic effects of chard extract. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6-7 months old) were divided into five groups for this investigation: (1) control, (2) hyperglycemic, (3) hyperglycemic+chard, (4) hyperglycemic+insulin, (5) hyperglycemic+chard+insulin. Fourteen days after animals were rendered hyperglycemic by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, the chard water extract (2 g/kg/day) or/and insulin (6 U/kg/day) was administered for 45 days. Hypoglycemic effect of chard extract was demonstrated by a significant reduction in the fasting blood glucose and increased glycogen levels in liver of chard extract-treated hyperglycemic rats. Moreover, activity of adenosine deaminase, which is suggested as an important enzyme for modulating the bioactivity of insulin, was decreased by chard treatment. Immunostaining analysis showed increased nuclear translocation of Akt2 and synthesis of GLUT2 in the hepatocytes of chard or/and insulin-treated hyperglycemic rats. The oxidative stress was decreased and antioxidant defense was increased by chard extract or/and insulin treatment to hyperglycemic rats according to the decreased malondialdehyde formation, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase and increased glutathione levels. These findings suggest that chard extract might improve glucose response by increasing GLUT2 through Akt2 and antioxidant defense in the liver.

Chronic nicotine toxicity is prevented by aqueous garlic extract.

Based on the potent antioxidant effects of garlic, we investigated the putative protective role of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against nicotine-induced oxidative organ damage. Male Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were injected with nicotine hydrogen bitartrate (0.6 mg/kg; i.p.) alone or with aqueous garlic extract (125 mg/kg; i.p.) for 21 days. At the end of the experimental period (22nd day) rats were killed by decapitation. The aorta, heart, kidney and urinary bladder tissues were taken for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen contents. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in blood were measured for the evaluation of renal functions and tissue damage, respectively. Tissues were also examined microscopically. The decrease in GSH levels and increases in MDA level, MPO activity and collagen contents induced by chronic nicotine administration indicated that tissue injury involves free radical formation. Treatment of rats with AGE restored the reduced GSH levels while it decreased MDA levels as well as MPO activity. Increased collagen contents of the tissues by chronic nicotine were reversed back to the control levels with AGE. Since AGE administration reversed these oxidant responses, improved renal function and histological damage, it seems likely that AGE protects the tissues against nicotine-induced oxidative damage.

Taurine treatment protects against chronic nicotine-induced oxidative changes.

Experiments have shown that chronic nicotine administration caused oxidative damage in various organs by increasing lipid peroxidation products and decreasing the activity of endogenous antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine treatment on nicotine-induced oxidative changes in rat thoracic aorta and heart and to explore the possible mechanisms of action. Male Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were injected with nicotine hydrogen bitartrate (0.6 mg/kg; i.p.) or saline for 21 days. Taurine was administered (50 mg/kg; i.p.) alone or along with nicotine injections. After decapitation, the thoracic aorta and heart tissues were excised. The aorta was used for in vitro contractility studies or stored along with the heart samples for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen content. Tissue samples were also examined histologically. Serum samples were stored for the measurement of MDA, GSH and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Chronic nicotine treatment impaired both the contraction and relaxation responses of the aortic rings to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, respectively. It increased lipid peroxidation, MPO levels and tissue collagen content of both aorta and heart samples. Taurine supplementation to nicotine-treated animals reversed the contractile dysfunction and restored the endogenous GSH levels and decreased high lipid peroxidation and MPO activities in both tissues. These data suggest that taurine supplementation effectively attenuates the oxidative damage because of chronic nicotine administration possibly by its antioxidant effects.

Aqueous garlic extract alleviates ischaemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative hepatic injury in rats.

This study was designed to examine the effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. For this purpose, Wistar albino rats were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischaemia, followed by a 60-min reperfusion period. AGE (1 mL kg(-1), i. p., corresponding to 500 mg kg(-1)) or saline was administered twice, 15 min before ischaemia and immediately before the reperfusion period. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined to assess liver functions. Liver tissues were taken for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an end product of lipid peroxidation; glutathione (GSH) levels, a key antioxidant; and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as an indirect index of neutrophil infiltration. Hepatic collagen content, as a fibrosis marker, was also determined. Plasma ALT and AST activities were elevated in the I/R group as compared with the control group, while these increases were significantly decreased by AGE treatment. Hepatic GSH levels, significantly depressed by I/R, were elevated back to control levels in the AGE-treated I/R group. Increases in tissue MDA levels and MPO activity due to I/R injury were reduced back to control levels by AGE treatment. Similarly, increased hepatic collagen content in the I/R group was reduced to the control level with AGE treatment. Since AGE administration alleviated the I/R-induced injury of the liver and improved the hepatic structure and function, it seems likely that AGE, with its antioxidant and oxidant-scavenging properties, may be of potential therapeutic value in protecting the liver against oxidative injury due to ischaemia-reperfusion.

Protective effects of taurine against nicotine-induced oxidative damage of rat urinary bladder and kidney.

Several studies demonstrate that taurine treatment prevents tissue damage in various models of inflammation. Experiments have shown that chronic nicotine administration caused oxidant damage in various organs by increasing lipid peroxidation products and decreasing the activity of endogenous antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of taurine treatment on nicotine-induced oxidative changes in rat urinary bladder and kidney and to explore the possible mechanisms of action. Male Wistar albino rats were injected with nicotine hydrogen bitartrate (0.6 mg/kg i.p.) or saline for 21 days. Taurine was administered (50 mg/kg i.p.) alone or along with nicotine injections. At the end of the treatment period bladder tissue was used for in vitro contractility studies, or stored along with kidney tissue for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen content. Tissue samples were also examined histologically. Serum samples were stored for the measurement of MDA, GSH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Chronic nicotine treatment decreased the contractile activity of the bladder strips to carbachol and increased lipid peroxidation, MPO levels and tissue collagen content of the bladder and kidney samples. Taurine supplementation to nicotine-treated animals reversed the contractile dysfunction of the bladder strips. It also preserved the renal functions, restored the endogenous GSH levels and decreased high lipid peroxidation and MPO activities in both urinary bladder and kidney tissues. These data suggest that taurine supplementation effectively counteracts the deleterious effect of chronic nicotine administration on bladder and kidney functions and attenuates oxidative damage possibly by its antioxidant effects.

The effect of WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoid agonist, on tactile allodynia in diabetic rats.

The antinociceptive action of cannabinoids in acute and inflammatory pain states have been well-documented. There is also accumulating evidence suggesting that cannabinoids are effective analgesics in chronic pain conditions. WIN 55,212-2, a mixed CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, has been shown to be effective against hyperalgesia and allodynia in painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Recently, in addition to their spinal and supraspinal antinociceptive action, cannabinoids have also reported to exert local analgesic effects. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of a high affinity cannabinoid, WIN 55,212-2, on tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic rats. Diabetes was produced with the injection of a single dose of streptozocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and this procedure resulted in neuropathic pain behaviors in the hindlimbs. Mechanical allodynia was detected by application of von Frey filaments to the plantar surface of the foot, and thermal hyperalgesia was studied using the Hargreaves' method; however, thermal hyperalgesia did not develop in diabetic rats. With its higher doses, both systemic (3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and peripheral (30 microg, i.p.l.) injections of WIN 55,212-2 reduced mechanical allodynia. These results suggest that WIN 55,212-2 has an antiallodynic effect in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats and may be a promising approach in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Systemic agmatine attenuates tactile allodynia in two experimental neuropathic pain models in rats.

Recent evidence suggests that agmatine, an endogenous polyamine metabolite, might be an important neurotransmitter in central nervous system and has potential as a treatment of pain. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of agmatine on allodynia in two experimental neuropathic pain models, the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model and the streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats, and to determine if the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors influence this effect of agmatine. Nerve injury was produced by tight ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves, and diabetic neuropathy is induced with the injection of a single dose of STZ; these procedures resulted in tactile allodynia in the hindpaw. Tactile allodynia was detected by application of von Frey filaments to the plantar surface of the foot. Agmatine reduced mechanical allodynia with its higher doses. Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), a NMDA receptor antagonist, and the NOS inhibitors, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and 7-nitroindazole, did not influence the antiallodynic effect of agmatine. These results suggest that agmatine has an antiallodynic effect in both spinal nerve ligation and diabetic models and may be a promising drug in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Combined systemic administration of morphine and magnesium sulfate attenuates pain-related behavior in mononeuropathic rats.

The response to opioids is reduced in neuropathic pain states. We examined the effect of the combination of morphine (0.1 mg/kg) and magnesium sulfate (125 mg/kg) on behavioral signs of neuropathic pain in spinal nerve ligated rats. Administered alone, neither drug produced any effect, but the combination exerted a significant anti-allodynic effect, which was partially reversed by naloxone. These results suggest that combining low doses of magnesium sulfate with opiates might be an alternative in treating neuropathic pain, with reduced risk of side effects.