RESUMO
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with a prevalence of 200 millions of cases worldwide. Motor disability is presented in 80% of patients. In this context, physical rehabilitation plays a fundamental role for gradually recovery of mobility. In this work, we designed a robotic hand exoskeleton to support rehabilitation of patients after a stroke episode. The system acquires electromyographic (EMG) signals in the forearm, and automatically estimates the movement intention for five gestures. Subsequently, we developed a predictive adaptive control of the exoskeleton to compensate for three different levels of muscle fatigue during the rehabilitation therapy exercises. The proposed system could be used to assist the rehabilitation therapy of the patients by providing a repetitive, intense, and adaptive assistance.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Identification of cognitive impairment is based traditionally on the neuropsychological tests and biomarkers that are not available widely. This study aimed to establish the association between motor function (gait speed and handgrip strength) and cognitive performance in the Mini-Mental State Examination, globally and by domains. A secondary goal was calculating a cut-off point for gait speed and handgrip strength to classify older adults as cognitively impaired. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of SABE Colombia (Salud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento), a survey that was conducted in 2015 on health, wellbeing, and aging in Colombia. This study used linear regression models to search for an association between motor function and cognitive performance. The accuracy of motor function measurements in identifying cognitive impairment was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. This study also analyzed other clinical and sociodemographical variables. RESULTS: Gait speed was associated with orientation (r 2 = 0.16), language (r 2 = 0.15), recall memory (r 2 = 0.14), and counting (r 2 = 0.08). Similarly, handgrip strength was associated with orientation (r 2 = 0.175), language (r 2 = 0.164), recall memory (r 2 = 0.137), and counting (r 2 = 0.08). To differentiate older adults with and without cognitive impairment, a gait speed cut-off point of 0.59 m/s had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.629 (0.613-0.646), and a weak handgrip (strength below 17.5 kg) had an AUC of 0.653 (0.645-0.661). The cut-off points for handgrip strength and gait speed were significantly higher in male participants. CONCLUSIONS: Gait speed and handgrip strength are similarly associated with the cognitive performance, exhibiting the most extensive association with orientation and language domains of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Gait speed and handgrip strength can easily be measured by any clinician, and they prove to be useful screening tools to detect cognitive impairment.
RESUMO
Background: Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome (MCR) is a predementia stage where slow gait speed and subjective memory complaints are present. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MCR and assess its relationship with sociodemographic factors and chronic conditions. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the SABE Colombia study conducted in 2015. The analytic sample consisted of 17·577 participants. After determining MCR prevalence, logistic regression was performed to examine the correlates of MCR. Findings: The prevalence of MCR was 10·71 %. The median age was 71 years and women composed 74·63 % of the MCR group. After adjusting for confounding variables MCR was associated with increasing age (OR 1·69, CI 1·43 - 1·92), no or low education (OR 1·99, CI 1·67- 2·37), MMSE (OR 0·93, CI 0·91 - 0·95) and chronic conditions such as mental disorders (OR 1·36, CI 1·11-1·67), history of myocardial infarction (OR 1·24, CI 1·04 - 1·47), hypertension (OR 1·23, CI 1·08 - 1·40) and diabetes (OR 1.18, CI 1.01 - 1.37). Interpretation: This study found a prevalence of 10·71 % of MCR in Colombian older adults. Additionally, MCR was associated with chronic conditions and sociodemographic factors identified in prior studies. These results increase the awareness of a novel predementia stage whose identification can be performed by clinicians in the outpatient clinic, minimizing the cost of a full neuropsychologic evaluation performed in a memory clinic. Funding: Funded by the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias) and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia.
RESUMO
La psicoterapia permanece como una opción de tratamiento vigente en diversos tipos de trastornos psiquiátricos. Aunque su efectividad ha sido ampliamente demostrada desde hace mas de dos décadas, los mecanismo biológicos mediante los cuales ejerce un efecto sobre el funcionamiento cerebral del paciente y su comportamiento, continúan siendo desconocidos. En este artículo se revisan los posibles mecanismos que median su efecto sobre el funcionamiento cerebral, entre ellos las bases celulares y moleculares de la memoria, las modificaciones en los sistemas neurotransmisores y la plasticidad sináptica. La revisión de la evidencia acumulada permite sugerir que la psicoterapia ejerce un efecto neurofisiológico al mismo nivel de los fármacos con acción psicotrópica, no obstante, diferencias en especificidad regional y de sistema blanco pueden explicar las diferencias que se observan entre estas dos formas de tratamiento...
Psychotherapy remains an effective option in the treatment of diverse types of psychiatric disorders. Although its effectiveness has been widely demonstrated for more than two decades, the biological mechanisms by means of which it exerts an effect over the brain function and the patient's behavior, continues to be unknown. In this article we review the possible mechanisms that mediate its effect on the brain function, among them the cellular and molecular bases of memory, the modifications in the neurotransmitter systems and the synaptic plasticity. The review of the accumulated evidence allows us to suggest that psychotherapy exerts a neurophysiologic effect at the same level of psychotropic drugs; however, differences in regional specificity and of the white system may explain the differences that are observed between these two forms of treatment...
A psicoterapia permanece como uma opção vigente de tratamento em tipos diversos de transtornos psiquiátricos. Embora sua eficácia seja demonstrada extensamente por mais de duas décadas, o mecanismo biológico por meio de qual exerce um efeito na função cerebral do paciente e de seu comportamento, continua sendo desconhecido. Neste artigo são revistos os possíveis mecanismos que mediam seu efeito na função cerebral, entre eles as bases celulares e moleculares da memória, as modificações nos sistemas neurotransmissores e a plasticidade sináptica. A revisão da evidência acumulada permite sugerir que a psicoterapia exerce um efeito neurofisiológico ao mesmo nível que os fármacos com ação psicotrópica, entretanto, diferenças em especificidade regional e do sistema branco podem explicar as diferenças que são observadas entre estas dois formas do tratamento...
