Descripción de la consulta neurológica ambulatoria en el Hospital Distrital de Villa Elisa, Paraguay

RESUMEN Introducción: en los últimos años, la demanda neurológica ambulatoria ha ido creciendo constantemente. Existen muy pocos datos estadísticos sobre las patologías neurológicas en nuestra población. Nos planteamos conocer las características de la consulta neurológica ambulatoria. Materiales y métodos: se recogieron en forma retrospectiva fichas de los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta externa neurológica en el Hospital Distrital de Villa Elisa, Paraguay, en un periodo de 6 meses, del 1 enero del 2016 al 30 de junio del 2016. Se incluyeron a 400 pacientes, de los cuales se extrajeron los siguientes datos: edad, sexo, procedencia, diagnóstico. Resultado: se incluyó una muestra de 400 pacientes, 280 (70%) son mujeres, 120 (30%) son varones. La edad media fue de 44,7 años. Los diagnósticos neurológicos más frecuentes fueron: cefalea (46,2 %), epilepsia (22,2%), trastornos del estado del ánimo (7%), enfermedad de Parkinson (4%), enfermedad cerebro vascular (3,8%), trastorno cognitivos (3,8%). Conclusión: los pacientes neurológicos son predominantemente jóvenes y de sexo femenino. Las patologías más frecuentes fueron cefalea y epilepsia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last years, the ambulatory neurological demand has been growing constantly. There are few statistical data about neurological pathologies in our population. The objective was to determine the characteristics of the ambulatory neurological consultation. Materials and methods: Records of patients attending the external neurological consultation of the District Hospital of Villa Elisa, Paraguay were collected retrospectively during a 6-month period from January 1st to June 30, 2016. Four hundred patients were included and the following data were collected: age, gender, origin, diagnosis. Results: A sample of 400 patients were included, 280 (70%) were women, and 120 (30%) men while mean age was 44.7 years. The most frequent diagnoses were: cephalea (46,2 %), epilepsy (22,2%), mood disorders (7%), Parkinson's disease (4%), cerebrovascular diseases (3,8%) and cognitive disorders (3,8%). Conclusion: Neurologic patients were mainly young women. The most frequent pathologies were cephalea and epilepsy.

Sex-dependent influence of chronic mild stress (CMS) on voluntary alcohol consumption; study of neurobiological consequences.

Alcohol use disorder and depression are highly comorbid, and both conditions exhibit important sexual dimorphisms. Here, we aimed to investigate voluntary alcohol consumption after 6weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) in Wistar rats - employed as an animal model of depression. Male and female rats were investigated, and changes in several molecular markers were analysed in frontal cortex (FCx) and hippocampal formation (HF). CMS induced depressive-like responses in the forced swimming test - increased immobility time - in male and female animals, without affecting anhedonia (sucrose preference test) nor motor activity (holeboard); body weight gain and food intake were diminished only among CMS males. Voluntary alcohol consumption was evaluated in a two-bottle choice paradigm (ethanol 20% versus tap water) for 4 consecutive days; females exhibited a higher preference for alcohol compared to male animals. In particular, alcohol consumption was significantly higher among CMS females compared to CMS male animals. Remarkably, similar changes in both male and female animals exposed to CMS were observed regarding the expression levels of NCAM-140KDa (decrease), GFAP and CB1R expression (increase) within the FCx as well as for HF PSD-95 levels (increase). However, contrasting effects in males and females were reported in relation to synaptophysin (SYN) protein levels within the FCx, HF CB1R expression (a decrease among male animals but an increase in females); while the opposite pattern was observed for NCAM-140KDa protein levels in the HF. A decrease in CB2R expression was only observed in the HF of CMS-females. The present study suggests that male and female animals might be differentially affected by CMS regarding later voluntary alcohol consumption. In this initial approach, cortical SYN, and NCAM-140KDa, CB1R and CB2R expression within the HF have arisen as potential candidates to explain such sex differences in behaviour. However, the depression-alcoholism relationship still deserves further investigation.

Acceso a páginas pornográficas en Internet y Comunicación familiar sobre sexualidad en adolescentes del distrito de ôEl Agustinoõ, Lima - Péru 2006- 2007 / Access to pornographic web and familiar communication on sexuality in teenagers of the district of ôEl Agustinoõ, Lima - Peru 2006-2007

Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo transversal, en 10 colegios del Distrito de El Agustino-Lima; desarrollándose un cuestionario en una población total de 1107 adolescentes, siendo el 50% (n=553) de sexo masculino y 50% (n=554) de sexo femenino, indagando sobre el acceso a las páginas pornográficas en Internet, el lugar donde lo realizan y la comunicación familiar global entre progenitores y los mismos. El 30.4% (n=337) de los adolescentes visitan páginas pornográficas; siendo los lugares predominantes de acceso a éstas páginas pornográficas: en cabinas de Internet 22.3% (n=247), en hogares 2.7% (n=30) y en colegios 2.7% (n=30). La comunicación familiar global entre los progenitores y los adolescentes fue insuficiente en un 95.4% (n=1056). Se demostró que el sexo masculino tiene mayor accesibilidad a páginas pornográficas en Internet (33.1%; n=183) con un Chi Cuadrado de Pearson p=0.000; Los adolescentes de 13 y 14 años de edad (33.8%; n=114) son los que más páginas pornográficas en Internet visitan (p=0.000). Finalmente la comunicación familiar global fue deficiente tanto en el grupo de adolescentes que visitan páginas pornográficas (29%; n=321) como en el grupo de adolescentes que no visitan páginas pornográficas en Internet (66.4; n=735) con un Chi Cuadrado de Pearson p=0.538.

A descriptive transverse study, in 10 high schools of the District of ôEl Agustinoõ- Lima was performed, developing a questionnaire in a total population of 1107 teenagers, 50 % (n=553) male and 50 % (n=554) female. We researched on the access to pornography pages in Internet, the place where they do get access to pornography and the family global communication between teenagers and their parents. Pornography pages were visited by 30.4 % (n=337) of the teenagers. The predominant places of access to these in Internet were: internet public places 22.3 % (n=247), homes 2.7 % (n=30) and in schools 2.7 % (n=30). Family global communication between parents and teenagers was insufficient in 95.4 % (n=1056) of cases. It was shown that males have greater accessibility to pornography pages in Internet (33.1 %; n=183) with a Chi Square of Pearson p=0.000. Thirteen and fourteen year old teenagers (33.8 %; n=114) are the ones with more visits to the Internet pornography pages (p=0.000). Finally, family global communication was poor in the group of teenagers who visit pornography pages (29 %; n=321) as well as in the group of teenagers who did not visit pornography pages in Internet (66.4; n=735) with a Square Chi of Pearson p=0.538.

Conocimientos de sexualidad, inicio de relaciones sexuales y comunicación familiar, en adolescentes de instituciones educativas nacionales del distrito de el Agustino, Lima-Perú / Knowledge of sexuality, beginning of sexual intercourse and family communication, in adolescents of national educative institutions of the district of el Agustino, Lima-Peru

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en diez Instituciones Educativas Nacionales del distrito de El AgustinoûLima, aplicándose un cuestionario a adolescentes hombres y mujeres (n=1109), indagando acerca de conocimientos de planificación familiar, métodos anticonceptivos y usos; infecciones de transmisión sexual, inicio de relaciones sexuales y comunicación familiar con los padres acerca de sexualidad. Se reveló conocimientos sobre sexualidad calificados como malo en un 50% (n=632) y muy malo 15.5% (n=172). El inicio de la vida sexual activa fue 17.9% (n=199), con una edad promedio de 14.5 años, de los cuales el 83% (n=165) han tenido relaciones sexuales de riesgo (sin protección de ôpreservativoõ). La comunicación familiar global entre progenitores y adolescentes fue 19.4% (n=215) mala y 76% (n=843) muy mala. La comunicación familiar global entre progenitores y adolescentes con los conocimientos sobre sexualidad, demostró que adolescentes con regular y mala comunicación familiar (95.4%; n=1058), tienen conocimiento malo y muy malo (70.1%; n=778); la comunicación familiar global entre progenitores y adolescentes con relaciones sexuales de riesgo, evidenció que adolescentes con regular y mala comunicación familiar (95.9%; n=1064), tienen mayor frecuencia de inicio de relaciones sexuales (16.5%; n=182), además más frecuencia de relaciones sexuales sin protección (13.9%; n=154). El grado de conocimientos sobre sexualidad versus relaciones sexuales de riesgo reveló que adolescentes con grado de conocimiento malo y muy malo (72.5%; n=804), tienen mayor frecuencia en el inicio de relaciones sexuales (9.1%; n=100) y sin protección (7.8%; n=86), resultados estadísticamente significativos con un Chi-cuadrado de Pearson p=0.000.

A descriptive cross sectional study was performed in ten Educational State Institutions in the district of El Agustino-Lima. A questionnaire was given to adolescents both women and men (n=1109), inquiring about their knowledge of family planning, contraceptive methods and uses, sexual transmitted infections and family communication with their parents regarding sexuality. Sexuality knowledge was ranked as poor in 50% (n=632), and very poor in 15.5% (n=172). The beginning of active sexual life was 17.9% (n=199), at an average age of 14.5 years, of which 83% (n=165) have had sexual intercourse of risk (without condom protection). Global family communication between parents and adolescents was bad in 19.4% (n=215) and very bad in 76% (n=843); the global family communication between parents and adolescents regarding knowledge on sexuality, demonstrated that adolescents with regular and poor family communication (95.4%; n=1058), had poor and very poor knowledge (70.1%; n=778). Global family communication between parents and adolescents with sexual relations of risk, shows that adolescents with regular and poor family communication (95.9%; n=1064), have higher frequency of sexual relationships start (16.5%; n=182), in addition elevated frequency of sexual intercourse without protection (13.9%; n=154). The degree of knowledge on sexuality versus sexual relations at risk, demonstrates that adolescents with poor and very poor knowledge (72.5%; n=804), have greater frequency in the beginning of sexual relationship (9.1%; n=100) and without protection (7.8%; n=86). Statistically significant results were obtained with a Chi-square of Pearson p=0.000.